Lernzettel \u2013 Verdauungstrakt Komplett<\/title>\n<link href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css2?family=Playfair+Display:wght@700;900&family=Source+Sans+3:ital,wght@0,300;0,400;0,600;0,700;1,400&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\">\n<style>\n:root {\n --red: #c0392b;\n --rose: #e74c3c;\n --cream: #fdf6ee;\n --warm: #f5ebe0;\n --sand: #e8d5b7;\n --brown: #8b5e3c;\n --dark: #2c1810;\n --muted: #6b4c3b;\n --green: #2d6a4f;\n --teal: #1b7a6e;\n --accent: #d4a017;\n --blue: #1a5276;\n --purple: #6c3483;\n}\n* { box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0; padding: 0; }\nbody { font-family: 'Source Sans 3', sans-serif; background: var(--cream); color: var(--dark); line-height: 1.7; }\n\n\/* NAV *\/\n.sticky-nav {\n position: sticky; top: 0; z-index: 100;\n background: rgba(44,24,16,0.96);\n backdrop-filter: blur(8px);\n display: flex; gap: 0; overflow-x: auto;\n scrollbar-width: none;\n}\n.sticky-nav::-webkit-scrollbar { display: none; }\n.sticky-nav a {\n color: rgba(255,255,255,0.75);\n text-decoration: none;\n padding: 0.65rem 1rem;\n font-size: 0.78rem;\n font-weight: 600;\n letter-spacing: 0.04em;\n white-space: nowrap;\n border-bottom: 3px solid transparent;\n transition: all 0.2s;\n}\n.sticky-nav a:hover { color: white; border-bottom-color: var(--accent); }\n\n\/* HEADER *\/\nheader {\n background: linear-gradient(135deg, var(--red) 0%, #922b21 55%, #641e16 100%);\n color: white; padding: 3rem 2rem 2.5rem;\n position: relative; overflow: hidden;\n}\nheader::before {\n content: '\ud83d\udd2c';\n position: absolute; right: 4%; top: 50%; transform: translateY(-50%);\n font-size: 9rem; opacity: 0.1;\n}\nheader::after {\n content: ''; position: absolute; bottom: 0; left: 0; right: 0;\n height: 5px;\n background: linear-gradient(90deg, transparent, var(--accent), transparent);\n}\n.badge {\n display: inline-block;\n background: rgba(255,255,255,0.18);\n border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.3);\n border-radius: 20px; padding: 0.25rem 0.9rem;\n font-size: 0.78rem; letter-spacing: 0.08em;\n text-transform: uppercase; margin-bottom: 0.8rem;\n}\nheader h1 { font-family: 'Playfair Display', serif; font-size: clamp(1.8rem,4vw,3rem); font-weight: 900; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0.4rem; }\nheader p { opacity: 0.8; font-size: 0.9rem; font-weight: 300; }\n.toc-grid {\n display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fill, minmax(160px, 1fr));\n gap: 0.5rem; margin-top: 1.5rem;\n}\n.toc-item {\n background: rgba(255,255,255,0.12);\n border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.2);\n border-radius: 8px; padding: 0.5rem 0.7rem;\n font-size: 0.8rem; color: rgba(255,255,255,0.9);\n text-decoration: none; transition: background 0.2s;\n}\n.toc-item:hover { background: rgba(255,255,255,0.22); }\n.toc-item span { display: block; font-size: 1.1rem; margin-bottom: 0.1rem; }\n\n\/* MAIN *\/\nmain { max-width: 980px; margin: 0 auto; padding: 2.5rem 1.4rem 5rem; }\n\n\/* SECTION HEADER *\/\n.section-label {\n display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 0.7rem;\n margin: 2.5rem 0 1rem;\n}\n.section-label .num {\n width: 36px; height: 36px; border-radius: 50%;\n display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center;\n font-weight: 900; font-size: 0.9rem; color: white; flex-shrink: 0;\n}\n.section-label h2 { font-family: 'Playfair Display', serif; font-size: 1.5rem; }\n\n\/* CARD *\/\n.card {\n background: white; border-radius: 16px; padding: 1.8rem;\n margin-bottom: 1.5rem;\n box-shadow: 0 3px 20px rgba(44,24,16,0.07);\n border-left: 5px solid var(--red);\n animation: fadeUp 0.5s ease both;\n}\n.card.green { border-left-color: var(--green); }\n.card.teal { border-left-color: var(--teal); }\n.card.brown { border-left-color: var(--brown); }\n.card.accent { border-left-color: var(--accent); }\n.card.blue { border-left-color: var(--blue); }\n.card.purple { border-left-color: var(--purple); }\n@keyframes fadeUp { from { opacity:0; transform:translateY(16px); } to { opacity:1; transform:translateY(0); } }\n\n.card h3 { font-family: 'Playfair Display', serif; font-size: 1.25rem; margin-bottom: 1rem; }\n.card h4 { font-size: 0.85rem; font-weight: 700; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.06em; color: var(--muted); margin: 1.2rem 0 0.5rem; }\n\n\/* TWO-COL *\/\n.two-col { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; gap: 1.2rem; }\n.three-col { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(3,1fr); gap: 1rem; }\n@media(max-width:640px) { .two-col,.three-col { grid-template-columns: 1fr; } }\n\n\/* DEF BOX *\/\n.def-box {\n background: linear-gradient(135deg, #ffeaea, #fff5f5);\n border: 1.5px solid #f5c6c6; border-radius: 12px;\n padding: 1.1rem 1.3rem; margin-bottom: 1.2rem;\n}\n.def-box strong { color: var(--red); }\n.card.green .def-box { background: linear-gradient(135deg,#e8f5e9,#f1f8e9); border-color: #a5d6a7; }\n.card.green .def-box strong { color: var(--green); }\n.card.teal .def-box { background: linear-gradient(135deg,#e0f5f3,#f0faf9); border-color: #80cbc4; }\n.card.blue .def-box { background: linear-gradient(135deg,#e3f2fd,#f0f8ff); border-color: #90caf9; }\n.card.blue .def-box strong { color: var(--blue); }\n.card.purple .def-box { background: linear-gradient(135deg,#f3e5f5,#fce4ec); border-color: #ce93d8; }\n\n\/* ANATOMY SVG BOXES *\/\n.anatomy-box {\n background: white; border-radius: 14px;\n box-shadow: 0 3px 20px rgba(44,24,16,0.08);\n padding: 1.5rem; margin-bottom: 1.5rem;\n text-align: center;\n}\n.anatomy-box h3 { font-family: 'Playfair Display',serif; font-size: 1.2rem; margin-bottom: 1.2rem; }\nsvg text { font-family: 'Source Sans 3', sans-serif; }\n\n\/* LAYERS *\/\n.layers { display: flex; gap: 0.6rem; flex-wrap: wrap; margin: 0.8rem 0; }\n.layer { flex:1; min-width:140px; border-radius:10px; padding:0.9rem; text-align:center; font-weight:700; font-size:0.88rem; transition: transform 0.2s; cursor:default; }\n.layer:hover { transform: translateY(-3px); }\n.layer-1 { background:#d5e8d4; border:2px solid #82b366; color:#2d5016; }\n.layer-2 { background:#dae8fc; border:2px solid #6c8ebf; color:#1a3a5c; }\n.layer-3 { background:#ffe6cc; border:2px solid #d79b00; color:#6b3a00; }\n.layer-4 { background:#f8cecc; border:2px solid #b85450; color:#641e16; }\n.layer small { display:block; font-weight:300; font-size:0.76rem; margin-top:0.2rem; }\n\n\/* CELL TABLE *\/\n.cell-table { width:100%; border-collapse:collapse; font-size:0.88rem; margin-top:0.8rem; }\n.cell-table th { padding:0.6rem 0.9rem; text-align:left; font-weight:700; font-size:0.82rem; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:0.04em; }\n.cell-table td { padding:0.65rem 0.9rem; border-bottom:1px solid var(--sand); vertical-align:top; }\n.cell-table tr:last-child td { border-bottom:none; }\n.cell-table tr:nth-child(even) td { background:var(--warm); }\n.th-red th { background:var(--red); color:white; }\n.th-green th { background:var(--green); color:white; }\n.th-teal th { background:var(--teal); color:white; }\n.th-blue th { background:var(--blue); color:white; }\n.th-purple th { background:var(--purple); color:white; }\n.th-brown th { background:var(--brown); color:white; }\n\n\/* TAG *\/\n.tag {\n display:inline-block; background:var(--warm); border:1px solid var(--sand);\n border-radius:6px; padding:0.1rem 0.5rem; font-size:0.8rem; font-weight:600;\n color:var(--brown); margin:0.1rem;\n}\n.tag.green { background:#e8f5e9; border-color:#a5d6a7; color:var(--green); }\n.tag.blue { background:#e3f2fd; border-color:#90caf9; color:var(--blue); }\n.tag.red { background:#ffeaea; border-color:#f5c6c6; color:var(--red); }\n.tag.purple{ background:#f3e5f5; border-color:#ce93d8; color:var(--purple); }\n\n\/* MERKE \/ NICE TO KNOW *\/\n.merke {\n background: linear-gradient(135deg,#fff9e6,#fff3cd);\n border:2px solid var(--accent); border-radius:12px;\n padding:1rem 1.3rem; margin-top:1.2rem;\n display:flex; gap:0.6rem; align-items:flex-start;\n}\n.merke-icon { font-size:1.3rem; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px; }\n.merke strong { color:#8b6000; }\n\n\/* NICE TO KNOW BOX *\/\n.ntk {\n background: linear-gradient(135deg, #e8f4fd, #d6eaf8);\n border: 2px solid #5dade2;\n border-radius: 14px; padding: 1.2rem 1.4rem;\n margin-top: 1.5rem; position: relative;\n}\n.ntk::before {\n content: '\ud83d\udca1 NICE TO KNOW';\n display: block; font-size: 0.72rem; font-weight: 700;\n letter-spacing: 0.1em; color: #1a5276;\n margin-bottom: 0.6rem;\n}\n.ntk p, .ntk li { font-size: 0.88rem; color: #1a3a5c; line-height: 1.6; }\n.ntk ul { padding-left: 1.2rem; }\n.ntk strong { color: #1a5276; }\n\n\/* STOMACH SECTIONS *\/\n.stomach-grid { display:grid; grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fill,minmax(165px,1fr)); gap:0.7rem; margin:0.8rem 0; }\n.stomach-item { border-radius:10px; padding:0.85rem; font-size:0.85rem; border:2px solid; }\n.stomach-item strong { display:block; margin-bottom:0.2rem; font-size:0.92rem; }\n\n\/* FLASHCARDS SECTION *\/\n.fc-grid { display:grid; grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fill,minmax(280px,1fr)); gap:1rem; margin-top:1rem; }\n.fc {\n perspective: 1000px; cursor:pointer; height: 130px;\n}\n.fc-inner {\n position:relative; width:100%; height:100%;\n transform-style: preserve-3d;\n transition: transform 0.55s cubic-bezier(.4,0,.2,1);\n border-radius: 12px;\n}\n.fc.flipped .fc-inner { transform: rotateY(180deg); }\n.fc-front, .fc-back {\n position:absolute; width:100%; height:100%;\n backface-visibility:hidden; border-radius:12px;\n display:flex; flex-direction:column;\n align-items:center; justify-content:center;\n padding:1rem; text-align:center;\n}\n.fc-front { background:white; border:2px solid var(--sand); }\n.fc-front .q { font-weight:700; font-size:0.88rem; color:var(--dark); }\n.fc-front .hint { font-size:0.72rem; color:var(--muted); margin-top:0.4rem; }\n.fc-back { background: linear-gradient(135deg, var(--red), #922b21); color:white; transform:rotateY(180deg); }\n.fc-back .a { font-size:0.85rem; line-height:1.5; }\n.fc-cat { font-size:0.65rem; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:0.08em; opacity:0.7; margin-bottom:0.3rem; }\n\n\/* PROGRESS *\/\n.fc-controls { display:flex; gap:0.8rem; align-items:center; margin-bottom:1rem; flex-wrap:wrap; }\n.fc-controls button {\n border:none; border-radius:8px; padding:0.45rem 1rem;\n font-size:0.82rem; font-weight:700; cursor:pointer; transition:all 0.2s;\n}\n.btn-all { background:var(--dark); color:white; }\n.btn-filter { background:var(--warm); color:var(--dark); border:1px solid var(--sand)!important; }\n.btn-filter.active { background:var(--red); color:white; border-color:var(--red)!important; }\n.fc-count { font-size:0.82rem; color:var(--muted); }\n\n\/* PROCESS STEPS *\/\n.steps { display:flex; flex-direction:column; gap:0; margin:1rem 0; }\n.step {\n display:grid; grid-template-columns:40px 1fr;\n gap:0; position:relative;\n}\n.step-num {\n display:flex; flex-direction:column; align-items:center;\n}\n.step-circle {\n width:36px; height:36px; border-radius:50%;\n display:flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center;\n font-weight:900; font-size:0.85rem; color:white; flex-shrink:0;\n z-index:1;\n}\n.step-line { flex:1; width:2px; background:var(--sand); margin:0 auto; }\n.step:last-child .step-line { display:none; }\n.step-body { padding:0 0 1.2rem 0.8rem; }\n.step-title { font-weight:700; font-size:0.92rem; }\n.step-text { font-size:0.85rem; color:var(--muted); margin-top:0.2rem; }\n\n\/* ENGSTELLEN VISUAL *\/\n.engstelle-row { display:flex; gap:1rem; flex-wrap:wrap; margin:1rem 0; }\n.engstelle {\n flex:1; min-width:150px; border-radius:10px; padding:0.9rem;\n border:2px solid; text-align:center;\n}\n.engstelle .num { font-size:1.5rem; font-weight:900; }\n.engstelle h5 { font-weight:700; font-size:0.88rem; margin:0.2rem 0; }\n.engstelle p { font-size:0.8rem; }\n\n\/* SPEICHEL COMPOSITION *\/\n.pie-legend { display:flex; gap:0.5rem; flex-wrap:wrap; justify-content:center; margin-top:0.8rem; }\n.pie-item { display:flex; align-items:center; gap:0.3rem; font-size:0.8rem; }\n.pie-dot { width:12px; height:12px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; }\n\n\/* FOOTER *\/\nfooter { text-align:center; padding:2rem; color:var(--muted); font-size:0.8rem; border-top:1px solid var(--sand); margin-top:2rem; }\n\n@media(max-width:500px) { .fc-grid { grid-template-columns:1fr; } }\n<\/style>\n<\/head>\n<body>\n\n<nav class=\"sticky-nav\">\n <a href=\"#overview\">\ud83c\udfd7\ufe0f \u00dcberblick<\/a>\n <a href=\"#wandschichten\">\ud83d\udcd0 Wandschichten<\/a>\n <a href=\"#mund\">\ud83d\udc44 Mundh\u00f6hle<\/a>\n <a href=\"#speichel\">\ud83d\udca7 Speichel<\/a>\n <a href=\"#schlucken\">\u2b07\ufe0f Schlucken<\/a>\n <a href=\"#speiseroehre\">\ud83d\udccf Speiser\u00f6hre<\/a>\n <a href=\"#magen\">\ud83e\uded9 Magen<\/a>\n <a href=\"#magensaft\">\ud83e\uddea Magensaft<\/a>\n <a href=\"#karten\">\ud83c\udccf Lernkarten<\/a>\n<\/nav>\n\n<header>\n <div style=\"max-width:980px;margin:0 auto;\">\n <div class=\"badge\">Verdauungssystem<\/div>\n <h1>Anatomie & Physiologie<br>Verdauungstrakt \u2014 Komplett<\/h1>\n <p>Vollst\u00e4ndiger Lernzettel mit Diagrammen \u00b7 Wandschichten \u00b7 Magen \u00b7 Magensaft \u00b7 Lernkarten<\/p>\n <div class=\"toc-grid\">\n <a class=\"toc-item\" href=\"#overview\"><span>\ud83c\udfd7\ufe0f<\/span>System-\u00dcberblick<\/a>\n <a class=\"toc-item\" href=\"#wandschichten\"><span>\ud83d\udcd0<\/span>Wandschichten<\/a>\n <a class=\"toc-item\" href=\"#mund\"><span>\ud83d\udc44<\/span>Mundh\u00f6hle & Zunge<\/a>\n <a class=\"toc-item\" href=\"#speichel\"><span>\ud83d\udca7<\/span>Speicheldr\u00fcsen<\/a>\n <a class=\"toc-item\" href=\"#schlucken\"><span>\u2b07\ufe0f<\/span>Schlucken<\/a>\n <a class=\"toc-item\" href=\"#speiseroehre\"><span>\ud83d\udccf<\/span>Speiser\u00f6hre<\/a>\n <a class=\"toc-item\" href=\"#magen\"><span>\ud83e\uded9<\/span>Magen<\/a>\n <a class=\"toc-item\" href=\"#magensaft\"><span>\ud83e\uddea<\/span>Magensaft<\/a>\n <a class=\"toc-item\" href=\"#karten\"><span>\ud83c\udccf<\/span>Lernkarten<\/a>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/header>\n\n<main>\n\n\n<div class=\"section-label\" id=\"overview\">\n <div class=\"num\" style=\"background:var(--red);\">1<\/div>\n <h2>Das Verdauungssystem \u2014 \u00dcberblick<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"card\">\n <h3>Was ist das Verdauungssystem?<\/h3>\n <div class=\"def-box\">\n <strong>Verdauungstrakt<\/strong> (= Verdauungskanal) = durchgehendes Rohr vom Mund bis zum After.<br>\n <strong>Verdauungssystem<\/strong> = Verdauungstrakt <em>+<\/em> Verdauungsdr\u00fcsen (Speicheldr\u00fcsen, Leber, Pankreas)\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"def-box\" style=\"background:linear-gradient(135deg,#e8f5e9,#f1f8e9);border-color:#a5d6a7;\">\n <strong style=\"color:var(--green);\">Peristaltik<\/strong> = wellenf\u00f6rmige Muskelkontraktionen der Darmwand \u2192 Transport + mechanische Durchmischung des Nahrungsbreis\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"anatomy-box\" style=\"margin-top:1rem;\">\n <h3>\ud83d\uddfa\ufe0f Abschnitte des Verdauungstrakts<\/h3>\n <svg viewBox=\"0 0 320 560\" width=\"100%\" style=\"max-width:300px;display:block;margin:0 auto;\">\n \n <rect x=\"90\" y=\"12\" width=\"140\" height=\"44\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#ffd6a5\" stroke=\"#e07b39\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <text x=\"160\" y=\"30\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"13\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#6b3a00\">Mundh\u00f6hle<\/text>\n <text x=\"160\" y=\"47\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" fill=\"#6b3a00\">Z\u00e4hne \u00b7 Zunge \u00b7 Speichel<\/text>\n\n <line x1=\"160\" y1=\"56\" x2=\"160\" y2=\"76\" stroke=\"#ccc\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-dasharray=\"5,3\"\/>\n\n \n <rect x=\"100\" y=\"76\" width=\"120\" height=\"38\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#ffeaa7\" stroke=\"#f39c12\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <text x=\"160\" y=\"95\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"12\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#7d6608\">Rachen (Pharynx)<\/text>\n <text x=\"160\" y=\"108\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#7d6608\">Kreuzung Speise- u. Atemweg<\/text>\n\n <line x1=\"160\" y1=\"114\" x2=\"160\" y2=\"134\" stroke=\"#ccc\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-dasharray=\"5,3\"\/>\n\n \n <rect x=\"95\" y=\"134\" width=\"130\" height=\"50\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#caffbf\" stroke=\"#2d6a4f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <text x=\"160\" y=\"157\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"13\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#1b4332\">Speiser\u00f6hre<\/text>\n <text x=\"160\" y=\"171\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" fill=\"#1b4332\">(\u00d6sophagus) \u00b7 ca. 25 cm<\/text>\n <text x=\"160\" y=\"181\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#1b4332\">3 Engstellen<\/text>\n\n <line x1=\"160\" y1=\"184\" x2=\"160\" y2=\"204\" stroke=\"#ccc\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-dasharray=\"5,3\"\/>\n\n \n <rect x=\"75\" y=\"204\" width=\"170\" height=\"60\" rx=\"12\" fill=\"#ffc6ff\" stroke=\"#7b2d8b\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <text x=\"160\" y=\"228\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#4a006e\">Magen (Gaster)<\/text>\n <text x=\"160\" y=\"244\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" fill=\"#4a006e\">Kardia \u00b7 Fundus \u00b7 Korpus<\/text>\n <text x=\"160\" y=\"257\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" fill=\"#4a006e\">Antrum \u00b7 Pylorus \u00b7 ~1,5 l<\/text>\n\n <line x1=\"160\" y1=\"264\" x2=\"160\" y2=\"284\" stroke=\"#ccc\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-dasharray=\"5,3\"\/>\n\n \n <rect x=\"68\" y=\"284\" width=\"184\" height=\"60\" rx=\"12\" fill=\"#a0c4ff\" stroke=\"#1c4f8a\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <text x=\"160\" y=\"308\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#0d2b5e\">D\u00fcnndarm<\/text>\n <text x=\"160\" y=\"325\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" fill=\"#0d2b5e\">Duodenum (12-Fingerdarm)<\/text>\n <text x=\"160\" y=\"338\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" fill=\"#0d2b5e\">Jejunum \u00b7 Ileum \u00b7 ~3\u20135 m<\/text>\n\n <line x1=\"160\" y1=\"344\" x2=\"160\" y2=\"364\" stroke=\"#ccc\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-dasharray=\"5,3\"\/>\n\n \n <rect x=\"68\" y=\"364\" width=\"184\" height=\"55\" rx=\"12\" fill=\"#ffadad\" stroke=\"#c0392b\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <text x=\"160\" y=\"387\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#641e16\">Dickdarm (Kolon)<\/text>\n <text x=\"160\" y=\"403\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" fill=\"#641e16\">Z\u00e4kum \u00b7 Kolon \u00b7 Sigma \u00b7 ~1,5 m<\/text>\n <text x=\"160\" y=\"414\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#641e16\">Wasserr\u00fcckresorption<\/text>\n\n <line x1=\"160\" y1=\"419\" x2=\"160\" y2=\"439\" stroke=\"#ccc\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-dasharray=\"5,3\"\/>\n\n \n <rect x=\"95\" y=\"439\" width=\"130\" height=\"44\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#e8d5b7\" stroke=\"#8b5e3c\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <text x=\"160\" y=\"458\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"12\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#5c3317\">Rektum \u00b7 After<\/text>\n <text x=\"160\" y=\"474\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" fill=\"#5c3317\">(Mastdarm \u00b7 Anus)<\/text>\n\n \n <rect x=\"258\" y=\"204\" width=\"56\" height=\"28\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#fff0d4\" stroke=\"#e07b39\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\n <text x=\"286\" y=\"222\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#6b3a00\">Leber<\/text>\n <rect x=\"258\" y=\"240\" width=\"56\" height=\"28\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#fff0d4\" stroke=\"#e07b39\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\n <text x=\"286\" y=\"258\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#6b3a00\">Pankreas<\/text>\n <line x1=\"258\" y1=\"218\" x2=\"246\" y2=\"240\" stroke=\"#e07b39\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-dasharray=\"3,2\"\/>\n <\/svg>\n <p style=\"font-size:0.8rem;color:var(--muted);margin-top:0.5rem;\">Gesamtl\u00e4nge Verdauungskanal: ca. <strong>7\u20139 m<\/strong><\/p>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"ntk\">\n <p>Der Verdauungstrakt besteht aus <strong>Verdauungstrakt + Verdauungsdr\u00fcsen<\/strong>. Die <strong>Peristaltik<\/strong> erm\u00f6glicht den Transport auch gegen die Schwerkraft \u2013 deshalb kann man theoretisch kopf\u00fcber essen. Die gesamte Schleimhautoberfl\u00e4che des D\u00fcnndarms betr\u00e4gt durch Zotten und Mikrovilli ca. <strong>200 m\u00b2<\/strong> \u2013 so gro\u00df wie ein Tennisplatz!<\/p>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"section-label\" id=\"wandschichten\">\n <div class=\"num\" style=\"background:var(--teal);\">2<\/div>\n <h2>Wandschichten des Verdauungstrakts<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"card teal\">\n <h3>Die 4 Schichten \u2014 von innen nach au\u00dfen<\/h3>\n\n \n <div style=\"text-align:center;margin:1rem 0;\">\n <svg viewBox=\"0 0 680 240\" width=\"100%\" style=\"max-width:660px;\">\n <ellipse cx=\"340\" cy=\"120\" rx=\"310\" ry=\"110\" fill=\"#f8cecc\" stroke=\"#b85450\" stroke-width=\"2.5\"\/>\n <text x=\"22\" y=\"110\" font-size=\"12\" fill=\"#641e16\" font-weight=\"bold\">4. Serosa<\/text>\n <text x=\"22\" y=\"126\" font-size=\"10\" fill=\"#641e16\">(Adventitia)<\/text>\n\n <ellipse cx=\"340\" cy=\"120\" rx=\"258\" ry=\"88\" fill=\"#ffe6cc\" stroke=\"#d79b00\" stroke-width=\"2.5\"\/>\n <text x=\"82\" y=\"45\" font-size=\"12\" fill=\"#6b3a00\" font-weight=\"bold\">3. Muskularis<\/text>\n <text x=\"82\" y=\"60\" font-size=\"10\" fill=\"#6b3a00\">Ring- + L\u00e4ngsmuskulatur<\/text>\n <text x=\"82\" y=\"74\" font-size=\"10\" fill=\"#6b3a00\">(Magen: + Schr\u00e4gmuskulatur)<\/text>\n\n <ellipse cx=\"340\" cy=\"120\" rx=\"198\" ry=\"67\" fill=\"#dae8fc\" stroke=\"#6c8ebf\" stroke-width=\"2.5\"\/>\n <text x=\"150\" y=\"55\" font-size=\"12\" fill=\"#1a3a5c\" font-weight=\"bold\">2. Submukosa<\/text>\n <text x=\"150\" y=\"70\" font-size=\"10\" fill=\"#1a3a5c\">Blutgef\u00e4\u00dfe \u00b7 Nerven<\/text>\n <text x=\"150\" y=\"83\" font-size=\"10\" fill=\"#1a3a5c\">Meissner-Plexus<\/text>\n\n <ellipse cx=\"340\" cy=\"120\" rx=\"140\" ry=\"47\" fill=\"#d5e8d4\" stroke=\"#82b366\" stroke-width=\"2.5\"\/>\n <text x=\"260\" y=\"113\" font-size=\"12\" fill=\"#2d5016\" font-weight=\"bold\" text-anchor=\"middle\">1. Mukosa<\/text>\n <text x=\"260\" y=\"127\" font-size=\"10\" fill=\"#2d5016\" text-anchor=\"middle\">(Schleimhaut)<\/text>\n <text x=\"260\" y=\"140\" font-size=\"10\" fill=\"#2d5016\" text-anchor=\"middle\">+ Dr\u00fcsen m\u00f6gl.<\/text>\n\n <ellipse cx=\"340\" cy=\"120\" rx=\"82\" ry=\"25\" fill=\"white\" stroke=\"#bbb\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-dasharray=\"5,3\"\/>\n <text x=\"340\" y=\"124\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#aaa\" text-anchor=\"middle\">Lumen<\/text>\n\n \n <text x=\"648\" y=\"48\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#641e16\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-weight=\"bold\">4. Serosa<\/text>\n <text x=\"648\" y=\"85\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#6b3a00\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-weight=\"bold\">3. Muskularis<\/text>\n <text x=\"648\" y=\"122\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#1a3a5c\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-weight=\"bold\">2. Submukosa<\/text>\n <text x=\"648\" y=\"158\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#2d5016\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-weight=\"bold\">1. Mukosa<\/text>\n\n <defs>\n <marker id=\"a1\" markerWidth=\"6\" markerHeight=\"6\" refX=\"3\" refY=\"3\" orient=\"auto\"><path d=\"M0,0 L6,3 L0,6 Z\" fill=\"#641e16\"\/><\/marker>\n <marker id=\"a2\" markerWidth=\"6\" markerHeight=\"6\" refX=\"3\" refY=\"3\" orient=\"auto\"><path d=\"M0,0 L6,3 L0,6 Z\" fill=\"#6b3a00\"\/><\/marker>\n <marker id=\"a3\" markerWidth=\"6\" markerHeight=\"6\" refX=\"3\" refY=\"3\" orient=\"auto\"><path d=\"M0,0 L6,3 L0,6 Z\" fill=\"#1a3a5c\"\/><\/marker>\n <marker id=\"a4\" markerWidth=\"6\" markerHeight=\"6\" refX=\"3\" refY=\"3\" orient=\"auto\"><path d=\"M0,0 L6,3 L0,6 Z\" fill=\"#2d5016\"\/><\/marker>\n <\/defs>\n <line x1=\"605\" y1=\"46\" x2=\"590\" y2=\"46\" stroke=\"#641e16\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" marker-end=\"url(#a1)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"605\" y1=\"83\" x2=\"590\" y2=\"83\" stroke=\"#6b3a00\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" marker-end=\"url(#a2)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"605\" y1=\"120\" x2=\"566\" y2=\"120\" stroke=\"#1a3a5c\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" marker-end=\"url(#a3)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"605\" y1=\"156\" x2=\"510\" y2=\"140\" stroke=\"#2d5016\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" marker-end=\"url(#a4)\"\/>\n <\/svg>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"layers\">\n <div class=\"layer layer-1\">\ud83d\udfe2 Mukosa<small>Schleimhaut \u00b7 innerste Schicht \u00b7 kann Dr\u00fcsen enthalten \u00b7 Zotten im D\u00fcnndarm<\/small><\/div>\n <div class=\"layer layer-2\">\ud83d\udd35 Submukosa<small>Bindegewebe \u00b7 Blutgef\u00e4\u00dfe \u00b7 Nerven \u00b7 Meissner-Plexus steuert Dr\u00fcsen<\/small><\/div>\n <div class=\"layer layer-3\">\ud83d\udfe0 Muskularis<small>Ring- + L\u00e4ngsmuskulatur \u00b7 Auerbach-Plexus regelt Peristaltik \u00b7 Magen: + Schr\u00e4gschicht<\/small><\/div>\n <div class=\"layer layer-4\">\ud83d\udd34 Serosa<small>\u00c4u\u00dferste Schicht \u00b7 Bauchfell \u00b7 ohne Bauchfell = Adventitia<\/small><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <table class=\"cell-table th-teal\" style=\"margin-top:1rem;\">\n <tr><th>Schicht<\/th><th>Fachbegriff<\/th><th>Besonderheit<\/th><\/tr>\n <tr><td><strong>Mukosa<\/strong><\/td><td>Tunica mucosa<\/td><td>Schleimhaut, kann Dr\u00fcsen enthalten; Zotten im D\u00fcnndarm<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td><strong>Submukosa<\/strong><\/td><td>Tela submucosa<\/td><td>Blutgef\u00e4\u00dfe + Nerven; <em>Meissner-Plexus<\/em> \u2192 steuert Dr\u00fcsen<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td><strong>Muskularis<\/strong><\/td><td>Tunica muscularis<\/td><td>L\u00e4ngs- + Ringmuskulatur; <em>Auerbach-Plexus<\/em> \u2192 regelt Peristaltik; Magen: zus\u00e4tzlich Schr\u00e4gschicht<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td><strong>Serosa<\/strong><\/td><td>Serosa \/ Adventitia<\/td><td>\u00c4u\u00dferste Schicht; bei Bauchfell\u00fcberzug = Serosa, sonst = Adventitia<\/td><\/tr>\n <\/table>\n\n <div class=\"merke\" style=\"margin-top:1rem;\">\n <span class=\"merke-icon\">\ud83e\udde0<\/span>\n <span><strong>Eselsbr\u00fccke:<\/strong> <strong>M<\/strong>eine <strong>S<\/strong>chwester <strong>M<\/strong>acht <strong>S<\/strong>port = <strong>M<\/strong>ukosa \u00b7 <strong>S<\/strong>ubmukosa \u00b7 <strong>M<\/strong>uskularis \u00b7 <strong>S<\/strong>erosa<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"ntk\">\n <p>Der <strong>Meissner-Plexus<\/strong> (in der Submukosa) steuert die Dr\u00fcsenaktivit\u00e4t der Schleimhaut. Der <strong>Auerbach-Plexus<\/strong> (in der Muskularis) reguliert die Peristaltik. Beide Nervengeflechte werden durch den <strong>Sympathikus<\/strong> (hemmt) und <strong>Parasympathikus<\/strong> (f\u00f6rdert) des vegetativen Nervensystems beeinflusst. Der Magen ist das einzige Organ mit einer <strong>dritten Muskelschicht<\/strong> (Schr\u00e4gmuskulatur) \u2014 das erm\u00f6glicht die kr\u00e4ftige Durchmischung des Speisebreis.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"section-label\" id=\"mund\">\n <div class=\"num\" style=\"background:var(--green);\">3<\/div>\n <h2>Mundh\u00f6hle & Zunge<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"card green\">\n <div class=\"two-col\">\n <div>\n <h3>Die Mundh\u00f6hle<\/h3>\n <div class=\"def-box\">\n <strong>Anfangsteil<\/strong> des Verdauungstrakts \u00b7 Aufnahme + Vorbereitung der Nahrung \u00b7 Ausgekleidet mit <em>mehrschichtigem Plattenepithel<\/em>\n <\/div>\n <h4>Aufgaben der Zunge (Lingua)<\/h4>\n <p style=\"font-size:0.88rem;\">Die Zunge ist ein mit Schleimhaut \u00fcberzogener <strong>Muskelk\u00f6rper<\/strong>:<\/p>\n <ul style=\"padding-left:1.2rem;font-size:0.88rem;margin-top:0.4rem;\">\n <li>Hilft bei Kau- und Saugbewegungen<\/li>\n <li>Formt schluckf\u00e4higen Bissen + beginnt Schluckbewegung<\/li>\n <li>Geschmacks- und Tastempfinden (Geschmacksknospen)<\/li>\n <li>Lautbildung beim Sprechen<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <h4>Z\u00e4hne<\/h4>\n <p style=\"font-size:0.88rem;\">Mechanische Zerkleinerung der Nahrung \u2192 bilden zusammen das <strong>Gebiss<\/strong><\/p>\n <\/div>\n <div>\n \n <svg viewBox=\"0 0 260 260\" width=\"100%\" style=\"max-width:250px;display:block;margin:0 auto;background:#fff8f0;border-radius:12px;padding:8px;\">\n \n <ellipse cx=\"130\" cy=\"130\" rx=\"115\" ry=\"100\" fill=\"#ffe0e0\" stroke=\"#e07b39\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\n \n <path d=\"M 55 100 Q 130 70 205 100\" stroke=\"#c0392b\" stroke-width=\"2\" fill=\"none\"\/>\n <text x=\"130\" y=\"88\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#c0392b\">harter Gaumen<\/text>\n \n <rect x=\"70\" y=\"103\" width=\"10\" height=\"12\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"white\" stroke=\"#aaa\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <rect x=\"84\" y=\"103\" width=\"10\" height=\"12\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"white\" stroke=\"#aaa\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <rect x=\"98\" y=\"101\" width=\"11\" height=\"14\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"white\" stroke=\"#aaa\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <rect x=\"113\" y=\"101\" width=\"11\" height=\"14\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"white\" stroke=\"#aaa\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <rect x=\"128\" y=\"101\" width=\"11\" height=\"14\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"white\" stroke=\"#aaa\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <rect x=\"143\" y=\"101\" width=\"11\" height=\"14\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"white\" stroke=\"#aaa\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <rect x=\"158\" y=\"103\" width=\"10\" height=\"12\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"white\" stroke=\"#aaa\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <rect x=\"172\" y=\"103\" width=\"10\" height=\"12\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"white\" stroke=\"#aaa\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n \n <ellipse cx=\"130\" cy=\"168\" rx=\"58\" ry=\"30\" fill=\"#e8a598\" stroke=\"#c0392b\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\n <text x=\"130\" y=\"172\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#641e16\">Zunge<\/text>\n \n <rect x=\"70\" y=\"148\" width=\"10\" height=\"12\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"white\" stroke=\"#aaa\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <rect x=\"84\" y=\"148\" width=\"10\" height=\"12\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"white\" stroke=\"#aaa\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <rect x=\"98\" y=\"148\" width=\"11\" height=\"14\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"white\" stroke=\"#aaa\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <rect x=\"113\" y=\"148\" width=\"11\" height=\"14\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"white\" stroke=\"#aaa\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <rect x=\"128\" y=\"148\" width=\"11\" height=\"14\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"white\" stroke=\"#aaa\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <rect x=\"143\" y=\"148\" width=\"11\" height=\"14\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"white\" stroke=\"#aaa\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <rect x=\"158\" y=\"148\" width=\"10\" height=\"12\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"white\" stroke=\"#aaa\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <rect x=\"172\" y=\"148\" width=\"10\" height=\"12\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"white\" stroke=\"#aaa\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n\n <text x=\"130\" y=\"218\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#6b3a00\">Mundraum \u2014 vereinfacht<\/text>\n \n <circle cx=\"120\" cy=\"162\" r=\"2\" fill=\"#c0392b\" opacity=\"0.5\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"130\" cy=\"160\" r=\"2\" fill=\"#c0392b\" opacity=\"0.5\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"140\" cy=\"162\" r=\"2\" fill=\"#c0392b\" opacity=\"0.5\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"125\" cy=\"170\" r=\"2\" fill=\"#c0392b\" opacity=\"0.5\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"135\" cy=\"170\" r=\"2\" fill=\"#c0392b\" opacity=\"0.5\"\/>\n <text x=\"160\" y=\"185\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#c0392b\">Geschmacks-<\/text>\n <text x=\"160\" y=\"194\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#c0392b\">knospen<\/text>\n <line x1=\"155\" y1=\"175\" x2=\"135\" y2=\"170\" stroke=\"#c0392b\" stroke-width=\"0.8\"\/>\n <\/svg>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"ntk\">\n <p>Die Mundh\u00f6hle beginnt bereits mit der <strong>chemischen Verdauung<\/strong>: Speichelamylase (Ptyalin) spaltet Kohlenhydrate. Die Zunge enth\u00e4lt ca. <strong>10.000 Geschmacksknospen<\/strong>, die die 5 Grundgeschm\u00e4cker erkennen: s\u00fc\u00df, sauer, salzig, bitter und <em>umami<\/em> (herzhaft). Die Schleimhaut der Mundh\u00f6hle erneuert sich alle <strong>3\u20137 Tage<\/strong>.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"section-label\" id=\"speichel\">\n <div class=\"num\" style=\"background:var(--blue);\">4<\/div>\n <h2>Speicheldr\u00fcsen & Speichelzusammensetzung<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"card blue\">\n <h3>Die 3 gro\u00dfen Speicheldr\u00fcsen<\/h3>\n\n \n <div style=\"text-align:center;margin:1rem 0;\">\n <svg viewBox=\"0 0 380 260\" width=\"100%\" style=\"max-width:370px;display:block;margin:0 auto;\">\n \n <path d=\"M80 240 Q70 180 75 130 Q78 60 140 30 Q190 8 230 25 Q280 45 290 100 Q305 160 290 220 Q270 245 230 250 Q170 258 80 240 Z\" fill=\"#f9e4d4\" stroke=\"#c9956c\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n \n <ellipse cx=\"170\" cy=\"195\" rx=\"38\" ry=\"16\" fill=\"#e8a598\" stroke=\"#c0392b\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\n <text x=\"170\" y=\"199\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#641e16\">Zunge<\/text>\n \n <path d=\"M95 220 Q150 240 220 235 Q255 232 270 220\" stroke=\"#8b5e3c\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke-dasharray=\"4,2\"\/>\n <text x=\"180\" y=\"255\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#8b5e3c\">Unterkiefer<\/text>\n\n \n <ellipse cx=\"278\" cy=\"130\" rx=\"26\" ry=\"22\" fill=\"#ffd6a5\" stroke=\"#e07b39\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <text x=\"278\" y=\"127\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#6b3a00\">Ohrspeichel-<\/text>\n <text x=\"278\" y=\"138\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#6b3a00\">dr\u00fcse<\/text>\n <text x=\"310\" y=\"130\" text-anchor=\"start\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#6b3a00\" font-style=\"italic\">Parotis<\/text>\n \n <line x1=\"254\" y1=\"135\" x2=\"200\" y2=\"175\" stroke=\"#e07b39\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-dasharray=\"3,2\"\/>\n <text x=\"212\" y=\"165\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#e07b39\">Ductus parotideus<\/text>\n\n \n <ellipse cx=\"185\" cy=\"230\" rx=\"22\" ry=\"14\" fill=\"#caffbf\" stroke=\"#2d6a4f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <text x=\"185\" y=\"228\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#1b4332\">Unterkiefer-<\/text>\n <text x=\"185\" y=\"237\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#1b4332\">speicheldr\u00fcse<\/text>\n <text x=\"120\" y=\"245\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#2d6a4f\" font-style=\"italic\" text-anchor=\"middle\">Glandula submandibularis<\/text>\n <line x1=\"165\" y1=\"230\" x2=\"148\" y2=\"243\" stroke=\"#2d6a4f\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-dasharray=\"2,2\"\/>\n\n \n <ellipse cx=\"148\" cy=\"205\" rx=\"18\" ry=\"11\" fill=\"#a0c4ff\" stroke=\"#1c4f8a\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <text x=\"148\" y=\"204\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#0d2b5e\">Unterzungen-<\/text>\n <text x=\"148\" y=\"213\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#0d2b5e\">speicheldr\u00fcse<\/text>\n <text x=\"80\" y=\"208\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#1c4f8a\" font-style=\"italic\" text-anchor=\"middle\">Glandula sublingualis<\/text>\n <line x1=\"131\" y1=\"206\" x2=\"110\" y2=\"208\" stroke=\"#1c4f8a\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-dasharray=\"2,2\"\/>\n <\/svg>\n <\/div>\n\n <table class=\"cell-table th-blue\">\n <tr><th>Dr\u00fcse<\/th><th>Lateinisch<\/th><th>Lage<\/th><th>Sekrettyp<\/th><\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td><strong>Ohrspeicheldr\u00fcse<\/strong><\/td>\n <td><em>Glandula parotidea (Parotis)<\/em><\/td>\n <td>Vor dem Ohr, au\u00dferhalb Mundraum<\/td>\n <td>Rein ser\u00f6s (w\u00e4ssrig) \u2192 Ptyalin<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td><strong>Unterkieferspeicheldr\u00fcse<\/strong><\/td>\n <td><em>Glandula submandibularis<\/em><\/td>\n <td>Unter dem Unterkiefer<\/td>\n <td>Gemischt ser\u00f6s + muk\u00f6s<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td><strong>Unterzungenspeicheldr\u00fcse<\/strong><\/td>\n <td><em>Glandula sublingualis<\/em><\/td>\n <td>Unter der Zunge<\/td>\n <td>\u00dcberwiegend muk\u00f6s (schleimig)<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <\/table>\n\n <h4 style=\"margin-top:1.2rem;\">Zusammensetzung des Speichels<\/h4>\n <div class=\"two-col\" style=\"margin-top:0.5rem;align-items:center;\">\n <div>\n <svg viewBox=\"0 0 180 180\" width=\"160\" style=\"display:block;margin:0 auto;\">\n <circle cx=\"90\" cy=\"90\" r=\"80\" fill=\"#dae8fc\" stroke=\"#6c8ebf\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n \n <path d=\"M90 90 L90 10 A80 80 0 1 1 88.6 10.01 Z\" fill=\"#5b9bd5\" opacity=\"0.85\"\/>\n <text x=\"60\" y=\"80\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"white\">99,5%<\/text>\n <text x=\"55\" y=\"95\" font-size=\"10\" fill=\"white\">Wasser<\/text>\n \n <path d=\"M90 90 L90 10 A80 80 0 0 0 88.6 10.01 Z\" fill=\"#e07b39\" opacity=\"0.9\"\/>\n <text x=\"86\" y=\"18\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#6b3a00\" font-weight=\"bold\">0,5%<\/text>\n <line x1=\"95\" y1=\"15\" x2=\"140\" y2=\"30\" stroke=\"#e07b39\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <text x=\"142\" y=\"28\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#6b3a00\">Enzyme,<\/text>\n <text x=\"142\" y=\"40\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#6b3a00\">Elektrolyte,<\/text>\n <text x=\"142\" y=\"52\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#6b3a00\">Schleim<\/text>\n <\/svg>\n <\/div>\n <div>\n <p style=\"font-size:0.85rem;\"><strong>Inhaltsstoffe (0,5 %):<\/strong><\/p>\n <ul style=\"font-size:0.83rem;padding-left:1.1rem;margin-top:0.3rem;line-height:1.9;\">\n <li><strong>Ptyalin<\/strong> (\u03b1-Amylase) \u2192 spaltet Kohlenhydrate<\/li>\n <li><strong>Nukleasen<\/strong> \u2192 spalten Nukleins\u00e4uren<\/li>\n <li><strong>Zungengrundlipase<\/strong> \u2192 Fettspaltung (aktiv erst im Magen)<\/li>\n <li><strong>Muzin<\/strong> \u2192 Gleitmittel, erleichtert Schlucken<\/li>\n <li>Antimikrobielle Substanzen (z.B. Lysozym)<\/li>\n <li>Elektrolyte (Na\u207a, K\u207a, Ca\u00b2\u207a, HCO\u2083\u207b)<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <p style=\"font-size:0.82rem;margin-top:0.6rem;color:var(--muted);\">Tagesproduktion: <strong>0,5\u20131,5 Liter<\/strong><\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"merke\">\n <span class=\"merke-icon\">\ud83d\udca1<\/span>\n <span>Speichelproduktion steigt reflektorisch an bei: <strong>Kauen, Nahrungsgeruch, Nahrungsanblick<\/strong> und sogar beim <strong>Gedanken<\/strong> an Essen (bedingter Reflex nach Pawlow). Ruhe-Speichel h\u00e4lt die Mundh\u00f6hle feucht.<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"ntk\">\n <p>Speichel hat einen <strong>pH von 6,5\u20137,5<\/strong> (leicht sauer bis neutral). Er enth\u00e4lt <strong>Immunglobulin A (IgA)<\/strong> \u2014 ein wichtiger Teil der Immunabwehr im Mund. Bei Nervosit\u00e4t hemmt der Sympathikus die Speicheldr\u00fcsen \u2192 <em>trockener Mund<\/em>. Parotitis (Mumps) ist eine Viruserkrankung der Ohrspeicheldr\u00fcse.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"section-label\" id=\"schlucken\">\n <div class=\"num\" style=\"background:var(--purple);\">5<\/div>\n <h2>Rachen & Schluckvorgang<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"card purple\">\n <h3>Der Schluckreflex \u2014 Schritt f\u00fcr Schritt<\/h3>\n <div class=\"def-box\">\n <strong style=\"color:var(--purple);\">Rachen (Pharynx)<\/strong> = Kreuzungspunkt von Speise- und Atemweg \u2192 Schutzreflex verhindert Aspiration (Einatmen von Nahrung)\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"two-col\">\n <div>\n \n <svg viewBox=\"0 0 200 300\" width=\"100%\" style=\"max-width:190px;display:block;margin:0 auto;background:#f8f0f8;border-radius:12px;\">\n \n <path d=\"M40 290 Q35 220 40 160 Q45 80 100 45 Q155 80 158 160 Q162 220 158 290 Z\" fill=\"#f0e0f0\" stroke=\"#8e44ad\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\n \n <path d=\"M65 110 Q100 90 135 110\" fill=\"#c3aed6\" stroke=\"#7b2d8b\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-dasharray=\"3,2\"\/>\n <text x=\"100\" y=\"104\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#7b2d8b\">Nasen-Rachen<\/text>\n \n <path d=\"M72 130 Q100 118 128 130\" fill=\"#e8b4d0\" stroke=\"#c0392b\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <text x=\"100\" y=\"128\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#c0392b\">Gaumensegel<\/text>\n \n <ellipse cx=\"95\" cy=\"175\" rx=\"32\" ry=\"18\" fill=\"#e8a598\" stroke=\"#c0392b\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\n <text x=\"95\" y=\"178\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#641e16\">Zunge<\/text>\n \n <path d=\"M95 210 Q115 195 125 205\" fill=\"#ffd6a5\" stroke=\"#e07b39\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <text x=\"130\" y=\"200\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#e07b39\">Kehldeckel<\/text>\n <text x=\"130\" y=\"210\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#e07b39\">(Epiglottis)<\/text>\n \n <rect x=\"62\" y=\"225\" width=\"26\" height=\"55\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#caffbf\" stroke=\"#2d6a4f\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\n <text x=\"75\" y=\"257\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#1b4332\">Speise-<\/text>\n <text x=\"75\" y=\"267\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#1b4332\">r\u00f6hre<\/text>\n \n <rect x=\"100\" y=\"225\" width=\"22\" height=\"55\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#a0c4ff\" stroke=\"#1c4f8a\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-dasharray=\"4,2\"\/>\n <text x=\"111\" y=\"257\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#1c4f8a\">Luft-<\/text>\n <text x=\"111\" y=\"267\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#1c4f8a\">r\u00f6hre<\/text>\n \n <text x=\"40\" y=\"175\" font-size=\"18\">\ud83c\udf4e<\/text>\n <path d=\"M58 175 Q68 190 73 225\" stroke=\"#e07b39\" stroke-width=\"2\" fill=\"none\" marker-end=\"url(#arrowO)\"\/>\n <defs><marker id=\"arrowO\" markerWidth=\"6\" markerHeight=\"6\" refX=\"3\" refY=\"3\" orient=\"auto\"><path d=\"M0,0 L6,3 L0,6 Z\" fill=\"#e07b39\"\/><\/marker><\/defs>\n <\/svg>\n <\/div>\n <div>\n <div class=\"steps\">\n <div class=\"step\">\n <div class=\"step-num\">\n <div class=\"step-circle\" style=\"background:#7b2d8b;\">1<\/div>\n <div class=\"step-line\"><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"step-body\">\n <div class=\"step-title\">Bissen formen<\/div>\n <div class=\"step-text\">Zunge formt schluckf\u00e4higen Bissen, schiebt ihn nach hinten in den Rachen<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"step\">\n <div class=\"step-num\">\n <div class=\"step-circle\" style=\"background:#7b2d8b;\">2<\/div>\n <div class=\"step-line\"><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"step-body\">\n <div class=\"step-title\">Schluckreflex ausgel\u00f6st<\/div>\n <div class=\"step-text\">Ber\u00fchrungssensoren im Rachen, Gaumen, Zungengrund \u2192 Reflex<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"step\">\n <div class=\"step-num\">\n <div class=\"step-circle\" style=\"background:#7b2d8b;\">3<\/div>\n <div class=\"step-line\"><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"step-body\">\n <div class=\"step-title\">Nasenrachen abdichten<\/div>\n <div class=\"step-text\">Gaumensegel hebt sich \u2192 verhindert Nahrung in der Nase<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"step\">\n <div class=\"step-num\">\n <div class=\"step-circle\" style=\"background:#7b2d8b;\">4<\/div>\n <div class=\"step-line\"><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"step-body\">\n <div class=\"step-title\">Kehlkopf schlie\u00dft sich \u26a0\ufe0f<\/div>\n <div class=\"step-text\">Mundbodenmuskulatur zieht Kehlkopf hoch \u2192 Kehldeckel (Epiglottis) legt sich passiv quer \u2192 Luftr\u00f6hre verschlossen<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"step\">\n <div class=\"step-num\">\n <div class=\"step-circle\" style=\"background:#2d6a4f;\">5<\/div>\n <div class=\"step-line\" style=\"display:none;\"><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"step-body\">\n <div class=\"step-title\">Transport in Speiser\u00f6hre<\/div>\n <div class=\"step-text\">Oberer \u00d6sophagussphinkter \u00f6ffnet \u2192 Rachenmuskulatur zieht sich zusammen \u2192 Bissen gelangt in die Speiser\u00f6hre<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"ntk\">\n <p>Der Schluckreflex ist <strong>unwillk\u00fcrlich<\/strong> \u2014 sobald er ausgel\u00f6st ist, kann man ihn nicht stoppen. Deshalb: niemals beim Lachen essen! Die <strong>Epiglottis<\/strong> verschlie\u00dft sich <em>passiv<\/em> durch die Aufw\u00e4rtsbewegung des Kehlkopfs \u2014 es ist kein aktiver Muskel. Bei einem <strong>Schlaganfall<\/strong> kann der Schluckreflex ausfallen \u2192 gef\u00e4hrliche Aspirationsgefahr \u2192 Pflegerisch wichtig: Dysphagiescreening!<\/p>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"section-label\" id=\"speiseroehre\">\n <div class=\"num\" style=\"background:var(--green);\">6<\/div>\n <h2>Speiser\u00f6hre (\u00d6sophagus)<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"card green\">\n <div class=\"two-col\">\n <div>\n <h3>Steckbrief Speiser\u00f6hre<\/h3>\n <div class=\"def-box\">\n <strong>L\u00e4nge:<\/strong> ca. <strong>25 cm<\/strong><br>\n <strong>Struktur:<\/strong> elastischer Muskelschlauch<br>\n <strong>Funktion:<\/strong> rein transportierend (keine Verdauungsenzyme!)<br>\n <strong>Verschluss:<\/strong> oberer + unterer \u00d6sophagussphinkter\n <\/div>\n\n <h4>Die 3 nat\u00fcrlichen Engstellen<\/h4>\n <div class=\"engstelle-row\">\n <div class=\"engstelle\" style=\"border-color:#c0392b;background:#ffeaea;\">\n <div class=\"num\" style=\"color:var(--red);\">\u2460<\/div>\n <h5>Ringknorpelenge<\/h5>\n <p style=\"font-size:0.78rem;\">= <strong>engste<\/strong> + erste Engstelle; h\u00e4ufig Ort f\u00fcr steckengebliebene Bissen<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"engstelle\" style=\"border-color:#e07b39;background:#fff5ea;\">\n <div class=\"num\" style=\"color:#e07b39;\">\u2461<\/div>\n <h5>Aortenenge<\/h5>\n <p style=\"font-size:0.78rem;\">Aorta dr\u00fcckt von au\u00dfen auf die Speiser\u00f6hre (H\u00f6he 9. Brustwirbel)<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"engstelle\" style=\"border-color:#2d6a4f;background:#e8f5e9;\">\n <div class=\"num\" style=\"color:var(--green);\">\u2462<\/div>\n <h5>Zwerchfellenge<\/h5>\n <p style=\"font-size:0.78rem;\">Durchtritt durch das Zwerchfell (Diaphragma) in die Bauchh\u00f6hle<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div>\n <svg viewBox=\"0 0 200 380\" width=\"100%\" style=\"max-width:185px;display:block;margin:0 auto;background:#f5f9f5;border-radius:12px;padding:8px;\">\n \n <rect x=\"105\" y=\"20\" width=\"22\" height=\"140\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#a0c4ff\" stroke=\"#1c4f8a\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-dasharray=\"5,3\"\/>\n <text x=\"116\" y=\"55\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#1c4f8a\">Luft-<\/text>\n <text x=\"116\" y=\"66\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#1c4f8a\">r\u00f6hre<\/text>\n\n \n <rect x=\"68\" y=\"20\" width=\"26\" height=\"310\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#caffbf\" stroke=\"#2d6a4f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <text x=\"81\" y=\"14\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#1b4332\" font-weight=\"bold\">Speiser\u00f6hre<\/text>\n\n \n <rect x=\"55\" y=\"8\" width=\"52\" height=\"18\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#ffd6a5\" stroke=\"#e07b39\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\n <text x=\"81\" y=\"21\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#6b3a00\" font-weight=\"bold\">Rachen<\/text>\n\n \n <rect x=\"60\" y=\"45\" width=\"42\" height=\"16\" rx=\"4\" fill=\"#ffc6ff\" stroke=\"#7b2d8b\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <text x=\"81\" y=\"57\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#4a006e\">\u2460 Ringknorpelenge<\/text>\n <text x=\"30\" y=\"53\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#7b2d8b\">engste!<\/text>\n <line x1=\"44\" y1=\"53\" x2=\"60\" y2=\"53\" stroke=\"#7b2d8b\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n\n \n <ellipse cx=\"130\" cy=\"65\" rx=\"22\" ry=\"16\" fill=\"#ffe6cc\" stroke=\"#e07b39\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\n <text x=\"130\" y=\"63\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#6b3a00\">Schild-<\/text>\n <text x=\"130\" y=\"73\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#6b3a00\">dr\u00fcse<\/text>\n\n \n <rect x=\"60\" y=\"150\" width=\"42\" height=\"16\" rx=\"4\" fill=\"#ffadad\" stroke=\"#c0392b\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <text x=\"81\" y=\"162\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#641e16\">\u2461 Aortenenge<\/text>\n \n <path d=\"M100 158 Q145 135 155 160 Q145 180 100 172\" fill=\"#ffb3b3\" stroke=\"#c0392b\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\n <text x=\"148\" y=\"155\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#c0392b\">Aorta<\/text>\n\n \n <path d=\"M30 255 Q81 235 190 255\" stroke=\"#2d6a4f\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" fill=\"none\"\/>\n <text x=\"155\" y=\"248\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2d6a4f\" font-weight=\"bold\">Zwerchfell<\/text>\n\n \n <rect x=\"60\" y=\"243\" width=\"42\" height=\"16\" rx=\"4\" fill=\"#d5e8d4\" stroke=\"#82b366\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <text x=\"81\" y=\"255\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#2d5016\">\u2462 Zwerchfellenge<\/text>\n\n \n <ellipse cx=\"81\" cy=\"345\" rx=\"42\" ry=\"28\" fill=\"#ffc6ff\" stroke=\"#7b2d8b\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <text x=\"81\" y=\"343\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#4a006e\">Magen<\/text>\n <text x=\"81\" y=\"356\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#4a006e\">~1,5 l<\/text>\n\n \n <rect x=\"60\" y=\"310\" width=\"42\" height=\"14\" rx=\"4\" fill=\"#dae8fc\" stroke=\"#6c8ebf\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\n <text x=\"81\" y=\"321\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#1a3a5c\">unterer Sphinkter<\/text>\n\n \n <path d=\"M51 90 Q42 110 51 130\" stroke=\"#2d6a4f\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" fill=\"none\" marker-end=\"url(#ag)\"\/>\n <path d=\"M51 140 Q42 160 51 180\" stroke=\"#2d6a4f\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" fill=\"none\" marker-end=\"url(#ag)\"\/>\n <text x=\"38\" y=\"160\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#2d6a4f\" text-anchor=\"middle\">Peris-<\/text>\n <text x=\"38\" y=\"168\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#2d6a4f\" text-anchor=\"middle\">taltik<\/text>\n <defs><marker id=\"ag\" markerWidth=\"5\" markerHeight=\"5\" refX=\"3\" refY=\"3\" orient=\"auto\"><path d=\"M0,0 L5,2.5 L0,5 Z\" fill=\"#2d6a4f\"\/><\/marker><\/defs>\n <\/svg>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <h4>Peristaltik der Speiser\u00f6hre<\/h4>\n <p style=\"font-size:0.88rem;\">Die Speiser\u00f6hre ist oben und unten durch erh\u00f6hten Spannungszustand (Sphinkter) verschlossen. Beim Schlucken erschlafft der <strong>obere Sphinkter<\/strong> \u2192 Nahrung tritt ein \u2192 <strong>Peristaltische Wellen<\/strong> transportieren den Bissen \u2192 am unteren Ende erschlafft der <strong>untere Sphinkter<\/strong> unwillk\u00fcrlich \u2192 Bissen gelangt in den Magen.<\/p>\n\n <div class=\"ntk\">\n <p>Die Ringknorpelenge ist die <strong>erste und engste<\/strong> der drei Engstellen \u2014 hier bleiben schlecht gekaute Bissen am h\u00e4ufigsten stecken. Ein insuffizienter (undichter) <strong>unterer \u00d6sophagussphinkter<\/strong> f\u00fchrt zu <strong>saurem Reflux<\/strong> (GERD\/Sodbrennen) \u2014 Magens\u00e4ure gelangt in die Speiser\u00f6hre. Langfristig kann das zu Barrett-\u00d6sophagus und erh\u00f6htem Krebsrisiko f\u00fchren \u2192 klinisch sehr relevant in der Pflege!<\/p>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"section-label\" id=\"magen\">\n <div class=\"num\" style=\"background:var(--purple);\">7<\/div>\n <h2>Der Magen (Gaster)<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"card purple\">\n <div class=\"two-col\">\n <div>\n <h3>Abschnitte des Magens<\/h3>\n <div class=\"def-box\">\n <strong style=\"color:var(--purple);\">Lage:<\/strong> linker Oberbauch<br>\n <strong style=\"color:var(--purple);\">Fassungsverm\u00f6gen:<\/strong> ca. 1,5 Liter (variiert je nach F\u00fcllungsgrad)<br>\n <strong style=\"color:var(--purple);\">Form:<\/strong> kommaf\u00f6rmig gebogen<br>\n <strong style=\"color:var(--purple);\">Muskulatur:<\/strong> <em>drei<\/em> Schichten (Besonderheit!)\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"stomach-grid\">\n <div class=\"stomach-item\" style=\"border-color:#e07b39;background:#fff5ea;\">\n <strong>Kardia<\/strong>\n Mageneingang \u00b7 \u00dcbergang von der Speiser\u00f6hre \u00b7 Magenmund\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"stomach-item\" style=\"border-color:#7b2d8b;background:#f3e5f5;\">\n <strong>Fundus<\/strong>\n Magengrund \u00b7 kuppelf\u00f6rmig \u00b7 direkt unter dem Zwerchfell \u00b7 <em>mitgeschluckte Luft sammelt sich hier<\/em>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"stomach-item\" style=\"border-color:#1565c0;background:#e3f2fd;\">\n <strong>Korpus<\/strong>\n Magenk\u00f6rper \u00b7 gr\u00f6\u00dfter Abschnitt\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"stomach-item\" style=\"border-color:#2d6a4f;background:#e8f5e9;\">\n <strong>Antrum pyloricum<\/strong>\n Vorraum des Pf\u00f6rtners \u00b7 kurz: Antrum\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"stomach-item\" style=\"border-color:#c0392b;background:#ffeaea;\">\n <strong>Pylorus<\/strong>\n Pf\u00f6rtner \u00b7 Magenausgang \u00b7 \u00dcbergang zum D\u00fcnndarm \u00b7 mit Magensphinkter\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div>\n <svg viewBox=\"0 0 280 280\" width=\"100%\" style=\"max-width:270px;display:block;margin:0 auto;background:#f9f0ff;border-radius:12px;padding:8px;\">\n \n <path d=\"M95 40 Q70 45 60 80 Q50 120 55 165 Q60 210 90 240 Q130 260 170 245 Q210 230 225 195 Q240 160 230 120 Q220 80 200 60 Q175 38 140 35 Q115 33 95 40 Z\" fill=\"#fce4ec\" stroke=\"#7b2d8b\" stroke-width=\"2.5\"\/>\n\n \n <text x=\"240\" y=\"165\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#7b2d8b\" text-anchor=\"middle\">gro\u00dfe<\/text>\n <text x=\"240\" y=\"176\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#7b2d8b\" text-anchor=\"middle\">Kurvatur<\/text>\n\n \n <text x=\"148\" y=\"142\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#4a006e\" text-anchor=\"middle\">kleine<\/text>\n <text x=\"148\" y=\"153\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#4a006e\" text-anchor=\"middle\">Kurvatur<\/text>\n <path d=\"M148 125 Q155 140 148 160\" stroke=\"#4a006e\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" fill=\"none\"\/>\n\n \n <rect x=\"85\" y=\"10\" width=\"22\" height=\"34\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#caffbf\" stroke=\"#2d6a4f\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\n <text x=\"96\" y=\"30\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#1b4332\" font-weight=\"bold\">\u00d6sopha-<\/text>\n <text x=\"96\" y=\"40\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#1b4332\" font-weight=\"bold\">gus<\/text>\n\n \n <ellipse cx=\"97\" cy=\"50\" rx=\"15\" ry=\"12\" fill=\"#ffe0b2\" stroke=\"#e07b39\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <text x=\"65\" y=\"45\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#e07b39\" font-weight=\"bold\">Kardia<\/text>\n <line x1=\"83\" y1=\"47\" x2=\"70\" y2=\"47\" stroke=\"#e07b39\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n\n \n <ellipse cx=\"140\" cy=\"50\" rx=\"30\" ry=\"22\" fill=\"#c8e6c9\" stroke=\"#2d6a4f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <text x=\"140\" y=\"47\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#1b4332\">Fundus<\/text>\n <text x=\"140\" y=\"58\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#1b4332\">(Magengrund)<\/text>\n\n \n <text x=\"105\" y=\"155\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#1565c0\">Korpus<\/text>\n <text x=\"105\" y=\"168\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#1565c0\">(Magenk\u00f6rper)<\/text>\n\n \n <path d=\"M68 120 Q85 110 68 140\" stroke=\"#e8a598\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" fill=\"none\"\/>\n <path d=\"M78 100 Q95 90 78 120\" stroke=\"#e8a598\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" fill=\"none\"\/>\n <text x=\"72\" y=\"200\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#c0392b\">Schleim-<\/text>\n <text x=\"72\" y=\"210\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#c0392b\">hautfalten<\/text>\n\n \n <ellipse cx=\"175\" cy=\"210\" rx=\"30\" ry=\"20\" fill=\"#e8daff\" stroke=\"#7b2d8b\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\n <text x=\"175\" y=\"208\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#4a006e\">Antrum<\/text>\n <text x=\"175\" y=\"220\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#4a006e\">(Pars pylorica)<\/text>\n\n \n <rect x=\"195\" y=\"205\" width=\"38\" height=\"22\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#ffcdd2\" stroke=\"#c0392b\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <text x=\"214\" y=\"219\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#641e16\">Pylorus<\/text>\n\n \n <rect x=\"233\" y=\"205\" width=\"35\" height=\"22\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#a0c4ff\" stroke=\"#1c4f8a\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\n <text x=\"250\" y=\"214\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#0d2b5e\">Duo-<\/text>\n <text x=\"250\" y=\"223\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#0d2b5e\">denum<\/text>\n\n \n <text x=\"214\" y=\"198\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#c0392b\">M. sphincter pylori<\/text>\n <\/svg>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <h4>Besonderheit: Muskelschicht des Magens<\/h4>\n <div style=\"background:#f3e5f5;border-radius:10px;padding:1rem;border:1.5px solid #ce93d8;margin-top:0.3rem;\">\n <p style=\"font-size:0.88rem;\">Der Magen hat <strong>3 \u00fcbereinander gelagerte Muskelschichten<\/strong> (im Gegensatz zum \u00fcbrigen Verdauungskanal mit nur 2):<\/p>\n <div style=\"display:flex;gap:0.6rem;margin-top:0.6rem;flex-wrap:wrap;\">\n <div style=\"flex:1;min-width:120px;background:white;border-radius:8px;padding:0.6rem;border-left:3px solid #7b2d8b;font-size:0.83rem;\"><strong>Au\u00dfen:<\/strong><br>L\u00e4ngsmuskulatur<\/div>\n <div style=\"flex:1;min-width:120px;background:white;border-radius:8px;padding:0.6rem;border-left:3px solid #c0392b;font-size:0.83rem;\"><strong>Mitte:<\/strong><br>Ringmuskulatur<\/div>\n <div style=\"flex:1;min-width:120px;background:white;border-radius:8px;padding:0.6rem;border-left:3px solid #e07b39;font-size:0.83rem;\"><strong>Innen:<\/strong><br>Schr\u00e4gmuskulatur<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <p style=\"font-size:0.82rem;margin-top:0.6rem;color:var(--muted);\">\u2192 erm\u00f6glicht kr\u00e4ftige Durchmischung, Anpassung der Magengr\u00f6\u00dfe, mechanische Zerkleinerung und Transport zum Ausgang<\/p>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"merke\" style=\"margin-top:1rem;\">\n <span class=\"merke-icon\">\u26a0\ufe0f<\/span>\n <span>H\u00e4ufiger Fehler: <strong>\u201eFungus»<\/strong> existiert nicht! Korrekt ist <strong>\u201eFundus»<\/strong> (Magengrund). Die korrekte Reihenfolge: Kardia \u2192 Fundus \u2192 Korpus \u2192 Antrum \u2192 Pylorus<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"ntk\">\n <p>Der Magen h\u00e4lt die Nahrung ca. <strong>2\u20134 Stunden<\/strong> zur\u00fcck, bevor er den Speisebrei (= <strong>Chymus<\/strong>) portionsweise in den D\u00fcnndarm entl\u00e4sst. Die <strong>Magenschleimhaut<\/strong> bildet Falten (Rugae), die sich beim Ausdehnen gl\u00e4tten \u2014 so kann das Volumen zwischen 0,05 l (leer) und 1,5 l variieren. Die <strong>Pylorusdr\u00fcsen<\/strong> im Antrum produzieren auch die Hormone <strong>Gastrin<\/strong> (regt Magensaftproduktion an) und <strong>Somatostatin<\/strong> (hemmt sie).<\/p>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"section-label\" id=\"magensaft\">\n <div class=\"num\" style=\"background:var(--red);\">8<\/div>\n <h2>Magenschleimhaut, Magenzellen & Magensaft<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"card\">\n <h3>Die Magendr\u00fcsen \u2014 Wo und Was?<\/h3>\n <div class=\"def-box\">\n Magendr\u00fcsen kommen im gesamten Magen vor, aber der <strong>verdauende Magensaft<\/strong> wird nur in <strong>Fundus und Korpus<\/strong> produziert. In anderen Regionen: nur sch\u00fctzender Schleim (Nebenzellen).\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div style=\"text-align:center;margin:1rem 0;\">\n <svg viewBox=\"0 0 380 220\" width=\"100%\" style=\"max-width:370px;display:block;margin:0 auto;background:#fff8f0;border-radius:12px;padding:8px;\">\n \n <rect x=\"155\" y=\"10\" width=\"70\" height=\"195\" rx=\"12\" fill=\"#fce4ec\" stroke=\"#c0392b\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <text x=\"190\" y=\"6\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#c0392b\" font-weight=\"bold\">Dr\u00fcsenschlauch<\/text>\n\n \n <path d=\"M155 10 Q190 30 225 10\" stroke=\"#e07b39\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" fill=\"none\"\/>\n <text x=\"190\" y=\"42\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#6b3a00\">Magengr\u00fcbchen<\/text>\n <text x=\"190\" y=\"53\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#6b3a00\">(Foveolae gastricae)<\/text>\n\n \n <ellipse cx=\"172\" cy=\"75\" rx=\"13\" ry=\"10\" fill=\"#caffbf\" stroke=\"#2d6a4f\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\n <ellipse cx=\"208\" cy=\"75\" rx=\"13\" ry=\"10\" fill=\"#caffbf\" stroke=\"#2d6a4f\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\n <text x=\"272\" y=\"70\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#2d6a4f\" font-weight=\"bold\">Nebenzellen<\/text>\n <text x=\"272\" y=\"82\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2d6a4f\">(schleimbildend)<\/text>\n <line x1=\"222\" y1=\"75\" x2=\"272\" y2=\"75\" stroke=\"#2d6a4f\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n\n \n <ellipse cx=\"168\" cy=\"120\" rx=\"15\" ry=\"12\" fill=\"#ffd6a5\" stroke=\"#e07b39\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <ellipse cx=\"212\" cy=\"120\" rx=\"15\" ry=\"12\" fill=\"#ffd6a5\" stroke=\"#e07b39\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <text x=\"272\" y=\"115\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#e07b39\" font-weight=\"bold\">Belegzellen<\/text>\n <text x=\"272\" y=\"127\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#e07b39\">(HCl + Intrinsic<\/text>\n <text x=\"272\" y=\"138\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#e07b39\"> Factor)<\/text>\n <line x1=\"228\" y1=\"120\" x2=\"272\" y2=\"120\" stroke=\"#e07b39\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n\n \n <ellipse cx=\"172\" cy=\"170\" rx=\"13\" ry=\"11\" fill=\"#dae8fc\" stroke=\"#1c4f8a\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\n <ellipse cx=\"208\" cy=\"170\" rx=\"13\" ry=\"11\" fill=\"#dae8fc\" stroke=\"#1c4f8a\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\n <text x=\"100\" y=\"165\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#1c4f8a\" font-weight=\"bold\" text-anchor=\"end\">Hauptzellen<\/text>\n <text x=\"100\" y=\"177\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#1c4f8a\" text-anchor=\"end\">(Pepsinogen +<\/text>\n <text x=\"100\" y=\"188\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#1c4f8a\" text-anchor=\"end\"> Magenlipase)<\/text>\n <line x1=\"100\" y1=\"170\" x2=\"158\" y2=\"170\" stroke=\"#1c4f8a\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n\n \n <text x=\"190\" y=\"208\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#999\">oben = Eingang \u2192 unten = Tiefstes<\/text>\n <\/svg>\n <\/div>\n\n <h3 style=\"margin-top:1rem;\">Die 3 Zelltypen und ihre Produkte<\/h3>\n <table class=\"cell-table th-red\">\n <tr>\n <th>Zelltyp<\/th>\n <th>Lage im Dr\u00fcsenschlauch<\/th>\n <th>Produkt<\/th>\n <th>Funktion des Produkts<\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td><strong style=\"color:#e07b39;\">Belegzellen<\/strong><br><small>(Parietalzellen)<\/small><\/td>\n <td>Mittlerer Abschnitt<\/td>\n <td>\n <span class=\"tag red\">Salzs\u00e4ure (HCl)<\/span><br>\n <span class=\"tag red\">Intrinsic Factor<\/span>\n <\/td>\n <td>\n HCl: Proteine denaturieren, Pepsinogen aktivieren, Desinfektion gegen Keime, pH 1\u20132<br>\n Intrinsic Factor: notwendig f\u00fcr Vitamin-B12-Resorption im D\u00fcnndarm\n <\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td><strong style=\"color:#1c4f8a;\">Hauptzellen<\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Tiefster Abschnitt<\/td>\n <td>\n <span class=\"tag blue\">Pepsinogen<\/span><br>\n <span class=\"tag blue\">Magenlipase<\/span>\n <\/td>\n <td>\n Pepsinogen: inaktiv \u2192 wird durch HCl zu <strong>Pepsin<\/strong> aktiviert (bei pH<6) \u2192 spaltet Proteine in 10\u2013100 Aminos\u00e4uren<br>\n Magenlipase: geringe Fettspaltung\n <\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td><strong style=\"color:#2d6a4f;\">Nebenzellen<\/strong><br><small>(Mucuszellen)<\/small><\/td>\n <td>Oberer Abschnitt + Oberfl\u00e4che<\/td>\n <td>\n <span class=\"tag green\">Muzinhaltiger Schleim<\/span><br>\n <span class=\"tag green\">Bikarbonat<\/span>\n <\/td>\n <td>\n Muzin: z\u00e4hes Gel haftet auf Schleimhaut \u2192 sch\u00fctzender Film gegen Salzs\u00e4ure und Pepsin \u2192 verhindert Selbstverdauung<br>\n Bikarbonat: neutralisiert direkt an der Zellwand\n <\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <\/table>\n\n \n <h4 style=\"margin-top:1.5rem;\">Aktivierungsweg von Pepsinogen<\/h4>\n <div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:0.8rem;flex-wrap:wrap;background:#f8f9fa;border-radius:10px;padding:1rem;margin-top:0.3rem;\">\n <div style=\"background:#dae8fc;border:1.5px solid #6c8ebf;border-radius:8px;padding:0.6rem 1rem;font-size:0.88rem;font-weight:700;color:#1a3a5c;\">Pepsinogen<br><small style=\"font-weight:300;\">(inaktiv, Hauptzellen)<\/small><\/div>\n <div style=\"font-size:1.5rem;color:var(--red);\">\u2192<\/div>\n <div style=\"font-size:0.8rem;color:var(--muted);text-align:center;\">+ HCl (Salzs\u00e4ure)<br>pH < 6<\/div>\n <div style=\"font-size:1.5rem;color:var(--red);\">\u2192<\/div>\n <div style=\"background:#ffd6a5;border:1.5px solid #e07b39;border-radius:8px;padding:0.6rem 1rem;font-size:0.88rem;font-weight:700;color:#6b3a00;\">Pepsin<br><small style=\"font-weight:300;\">(aktiv, eiwei\u00dfspaltend)<\/small><\/div>\n <div style=\"font-size:1.5rem;color:var(--red);\">\u2192<\/div>\n <div style=\"background:#d5e8d4;border:1.5px solid #82b366;border-radius:8px;padding:0.6rem 1rem;font-size:0.88rem;font-weight:700;color:#2d5016;\">Protein-Spaltung<br><small style=\"font-weight:300;\">(\u2192 Peptide)<\/small><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <h4 style=\"margin-top:1.5rem;\">Magensaft \u2014 \u00dcberblick<\/h4>\n <div class=\"def-box\" style=\"background:linear-gradient(135deg,#fff5ea,#ffecd2);border-color:#f5c6a0;\">\n Tagesproduktion: <strong>ca. 2 Liter<\/strong> \u00b7 pH-Wert des Magensafts: <strong>1\u20132<\/strong> \u00b7 pH im Speisebrei (Chymus): <strong>2\u20134<\/strong>\n <\/div>\n <p style=\"font-size:0.88rem;\">Inhalt des Magensafts: <span class=\"tag\">Wasser<\/span> <span class=\"tag red\">Salzs\u00e4ure (HCl)<\/span> <span class=\"tag blue\">Pepsinogen \/ Pepsin<\/span> <span class=\"tag green\">Magenschleim (Muzin)<\/span> <span class=\"tag\">Intrinsic Factor<\/span> <span class=\"tag\">Magenlipase<\/span><\/p>\n\n <div class=\"merke\" style=\"margin-top:1rem;\">\n <span class=\"merke-icon\">\ud83d\udd2c<\/span>\n <span>Der <strong>Chymus<\/strong> = saurer Speisebrei, der nach ca. 2 Stunden im Magen portionsweise durch den Pylorus in den D\u00fcnndarm abgegeben wird.<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"ntk\">\n <ul>\n <li>Ein Mangel an <strong>Intrinsic Factor<\/strong> \u2192 kein Vitamin B12 resorbierbar \u2192 <strong>pernizi\u00f6se An\u00e4mie<\/strong> (Blutarmut durch B12-Mangel) \u2192 klinisch sehr relevant!<\/li>\n <li>Die Salzs\u00e4ureproduktion wird durch <strong>Gastrin<\/strong> (Pylorusdr\u00fcsen), Parasympathikus und Histamin <em>gesteigert<\/em>, durch <strong>Somatostatin<\/strong> und Cholecystokinin <em>gehemmt<\/em>.<\/li>\n <li>Bei Stress \u2192 Sympathikus hemmt Verdauung, reduziert Durchblutung \u2192 beg\u00fcnstigt <strong>Magengeschw\u00fcre<\/strong> (Ulcus ventriculi)<\/li>\n <li>Die h\u00e4ufigste Ursache von Magengeschw\u00fcren ist das Bakterium <em><strong>Helicobacter pylori<\/strong><\/em>, das den sch\u00fctzenden Muzinfilm zerst\u00f6rt.<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"section-label\" id=\"karten\">\n <div class=\"num\" style=\"background:var(--accent);color:var(--dark);\">9<\/div>\n <h2>Lernkarten \u2014 Zum Selbstabfragen<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"card accent\">\n <h3 style=\"margin-bottom:0.5rem;\">\ud83c\udccf Alle Themen \u2014 Karte umdrehen!<\/h3>\n\n <div class=\"fc-controls\">\n <button class=\"btn-filter active\" onclick=\"filterCards('all')\">Alle<\/button>\n <button class=\"btn-filter\" onclick=\"filterCards('wandschichten')\">Wandschichten<\/button>\n <button class=\"btn-filter\" onclick=\"filterCards('speiseroehre')\">Speiser\u00f6hre<\/button>\n <button class=\"btn-filter\" onclick=\"filterCards('magen')\">Magen<\/button>\n <button class=\"btn-filter\" onclick=\"filterCards('magensaft')\">Magensaft<\/button>\n <button class=\"btn-filter\" onclick=\"filterCards('speichel')\">Speichel<\/button>\n <span class=\"fc-count\" id=\"fcCount\"><\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"fc-grid\" id=\"fcGrid\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/main>\n\n<footer>\n Anatomie & Physiologie Verdauungstrakt<br>\n Quelle: Menche, N. (Hrsg): Biologie Anatomie Physiologie. Elsevier GmbH, 9. Auflage 2020\n<\/footer>\n\n<script>\nconst allCards = [\n { cat:'wandschichten', q:'Welche 4 Wandschichten hat der Verdauungstrakt?', a:'Mukosa \u2192 Submukosa \u2192 Muskularis \u2192 Serosa (von innen nach au\u00dfen)' },\n { cat:'wandschichten', q:'Was ist der Meissner-Plexus?', a:'Nervengeflecht in der Submukosa \u2192 steuert Dr\u00fcsenaktivit\u00e4t der Schleimhaut' },\n { cat:'wandschichten', q:'Was ist der Auerbach-Plexus?', a:'Nervengeflecht in der Muskularis \u2192 reguliert die Peristaltik' },\n { cat:'wandschichten', q:'Was ist die Adventitia?', a:'\u00c4u\u00dferste Schicht ohne Bauchfell\u00fcberzug (statt Serosa)' },\n { cat:'wandschichten', q:'Welche Extra-Muskelschicht hat der Magen?', a:'Schr\u00e4gmuskulatur (3. Schicht!) \u2192 erm\u00f6glicht kr\u00e4ftige Durchmischung' },\n\n { cat:'speichel', q:'Wie hei\u00dfen die 3 gro\u00dfen Speicheldr\u00fcsen?', a:'Ohrspeicheldr\u00fcse (Parotis) \u00b7 Unterkieferspeicheldr\u00fcse (Glandula submandibularis) \u00b7 Unterzungenspeicheldr\u00fcse (Glandula sublingualis)' },\n { cat:'speichel', q:'Wie ist Speichel zusammengesetzt?', a:'99,5% Wasser + 0,5% Enzyme (Ptyalin\/Amylase, Lipase), Muzin, Elektrolyte, antimikrobielle Stoffe' },\n { cat:'speichel', q:'Was spaltet Ptyalin (Speichelamylase)?', a:'Kohlenhydrate (St\u00e4rke \u2192 Maltose) \u2014 Beginn der chemischen Verdauung im Mund' },\n { cat:'speichel', q:'Wann steigt die Speichelproduktion an?', a:'Beim Kauen, Nahrungsgeruch, Nahrungsanblick, Gedanken ans Essen (bedingter Reflex), \u00dcbelkeit' },\n\n { cat:'speiseroehre', q:'Wie lang ist die Speiser\u00f6hre?', a:'ca. 25 cm' },\n { cat:'speiseroehre', q:'Welche 3 Engstellen hat die Speiser\u00f6hre?', a:'\u2460 Ringknorpelenge (engste!) \u2461 Aortenenge \u2462 Zwerchfellenge' },\n { cat:'speiseroehre', q:'Welche Rolle spielt die Speiser\u00f6hre bei der Verdauung?', a:'Keine! Rein transportierende Funktion \u2014 kein Enzym, nur Peristaltik in den Magen' },\n { cat:'speiseroehre', q:'Was ist ein \u00d6sophagussphinkter?', a:'Schlie\u00dfmuskel: oberer Sphinkter am Eingang, unterer Sphinkter am Ausgang; verhindert R\u00fcckfluss' },\n { cat:'speiseroehre', q:'Was passiert beim Schlucken mit dem Kehldeckel?', a:'Kehlkopf bewegt sich hoch \u2192 Epiglottis legt sich passiv quer \u2192 Luftr\u00f6hre geschlossen \u2192 Nahrung gelangt nur in Speiser\u00f6hre' },\n\n { cat:'magen', q:'Fassungsverm\u00f6gen des Magens?', a:'ca. 1,5 Liter (variiert je nach F\u00fcllungsgrad)' },\n { cat:'magen', q:'Abschnitte des Magens in Reihenfolge?', a:'Kardia \u2192 Fundus \u2192 Korpus \u2192 Antrum \u2192 Pylorus' },\n { cat:'magen', q:'Was ist der Fundus?', a:'Magengrund \u2014 kuppelf\u00f6rmig, liegt unter dem Zwerchfell; mitgeschluckte Luft sammelt sich hier' },\n { cat:'magen', q:'Was ist der Pylorus?', a:'Pf\u00f6rtner = Magenausgang mit Sphinkter \u2192 kontrolliert Abgabe des Speisebreis in den D\u00fcnndarm' },\n { cat:'magen', q:'Wo wird verdauender Magensaft produziert?', a:'Nur in Fundus und Korpus (nicht im restlichen Magen)' },\n { cat:'magen', q:'Was ist der Chymus?', a:'Saurer Speisebrei, der nach ca. 2h vom Magen portionsweise in den D\u00fcnndarm abgegeben wird' },\n\n { cat:'magensaft', q:'Aufgaben der Belegzellen?', a:'\u2460 HCl (Salzs\u00e4ure) produzieren \u2461 Intrinsic Factor bilden (f\u00fcr B12-Resorption)' },\n { cat:'magensaft', q:'Aufgaben der Hauptzellen?', a:'Pepsinogen + Magenlipase produzieren' },\n { cat:'magensaft', q:'Aufgaben der Nebenzellen?', a:'Muzinhaltigen Magenschleim + Bikarbonat produzieren \u2192 sch\u00fctzt Magenwand vor Selbstverdauung' },\n { cat:'magensaft', q:'Wie wird Pepsinogen aktiviert?', a:'Durch HCl (Salzs\u00e4ure) bei pH < 6 \u2192 aktives Pepsin \u2192 spaltet Proteine in Peptide' },\n { cat:'magensaft', q:'Welche 4 Hauptbestandteile hat der Magensaft?', a:'\u2460 HCl \u2461 Pepsinogen\/Pepsin \u2462 Magenschleim (Muzin) \u2463 Intrinsic Factor' },\n { cat:'magensaft', q:'Welchen pH-Wert hat der Magensaft?', a:'pH 1\u20132 (sehr sauer); Speisebrei (Chymus) hat pH 2\u20134' },\n { cat:'magensaft', q:'Warum entsteht kein Magengeschw\u00fcr bei Gesunden?', a:'Muzinschleim + Bikarbonat sch\u00fctzen die Magenwand vollst\u00e4ndig gegen Eigenmagens\u00e4ure' },\n { cat:'magensaft', q:'Was passiert ohne Intrinsic Factor?', a:'Kein Vitamin B12 resorbierbar \u2192 pernizi\u00f6se An\u00e4mie (gef\u00e4hrliche Blutarmut)' },\n { cat:'magensaft', q:'Tagesproduktion Magensaft?', a:'ca. 2 Liter t\u00e4glich' },\n];\n\nlet activeFilter = 'all';\nconst grid = document.getElementById('fcGrid');\nconst count = document.getElementById('fcCount');\n\nfunction renderCards(filter) {\n const filtered = filter === 'all' ? allCards : allCards.filter(c => c.cat === filter);\n grid.innerHTML = '';\n filtered.forEach((c, i) => {\n const fc = document.createElement('div');\n fc.className = 'fc';\n fc.dataset.cat = c.cat;\n const catColors = {\n wandschichten: '#1b7a6e', speiseroehre: '#2d6a4f',\n magen: '#6c3483', magensaft: '#c0392b', speichel: '#1a5276'\n };\n const bg = catColors[c.cat] || '#2c1810';\n fc.innerHTML = `\n <div class=\"fc-inner\">\n <div class=\"fc-front\">\n <div class=\"fc-cat\" style=\"color:${bg};\">${c.cat.toUpperCase()}<\/div>\n <div class=\"q\">${c.q}<\/div>\n <div class=\"hint\">\u2192 antippen zum Aufdecken<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"fc-back\" style=\"background:linear-gradient(135deg,${bg},${bg}cc);\">\n <div class=\"fc-cat\" style=\"color:rgba(255,255,255,0.6);\">${c.cat.toUpperCase()}<\/div>\n <div class=\"a\">${c.a}<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>`;\n fc.addEventListener('click', () => fc.classList.toggle('flipped'));\n grid.appendChild(fc);\n });\n count.textContent = `${filtered.length} Karten`;\n}\n\nfunction filterCards(f) {\n activeFilter = f;\n document.querySelectorAll('.btn-filter').forEach(b => b.classList.remove('active'));\n const btns = document.querySelectorAll('.btn-filter');\n btns.forEach(b => {\n if ((f === 'all' && b.textContent === 'Alle') ||\n b.textContent.toLowerCase() === f.toLowerCase()) b.classList.add('active');\n });\n renderCards(f);\n}\n\nrenderCards('all');\n\n\/\/ smooth scroll\ndocument.querySelectorAll('a[href^=\"#\"]').forEach(a => {\n a.addEventListener('click', e => {\n e.preventDefault();\n const el = document.querySelector(a.getAttribute('href'));\n if (el) el.scrollIntoView({ behavior: 'smooth', block: 'start' });\n });\n});\n<\/script>\n<\/body>\n<\/html>\n\n\n\n\n<div style=\"text-align: center; margin: 40px 0 20px 0; border-top: 1px solid #eee; padding-top: 20px;\">\n <button onclick=\"window.history.back()\" style=\"\n background-color: #2a9d8f; \n color: white; \n border: none; \n padding: 12px 25px; \n font-size: 16px; \n font-family: 'Segoe UI', Arial, sans-serif; \n font-weight: bold; \n border-radius: 8px; \n cursor: pointer; \n transition: all 0.3s ease;\n display: inline-flex;\n align-items: center;\n gap: 10px;\n box-shadow: 0 4px 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);\n \" onmouseover=\"this.style.backgroundColor='#9bbac5'; this.style.transform='translateY(-2px)';\" \n onmouseout=\"this.style.backgroundColor='#2a9d8f'; this.style.transform='translateY(0)';\"\n >\n <span style=\"font-size: 20px;\">\u2190<\/span> Zur\u00fcck\n <\/button>\n<\/div>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Lernzettel \u2013 Verdauungstrakt Komplett \ud83c\udfd7\ufe0f \u00dcberblick \ud83d\udcd0 Wandschichten \ud83d\udc44 Mundh\u00f6hle \ud83d\udca7 Speichel \u2b07\ufe0f Schlucken \ud83d\udccf Speiser\u00f6hre \ud83e\uded9 Magen \ud83e\uddea Magensaft \ud83c\udccf Lernkarten Verdauungssystem Anatomie & PhysiologieVerdauungstrakt \u2014 Komplett Vollst\u00e4ndiger Lernzettel mit Diagrammen \u00b7 Wandschichten \u00b7 Magen \u00b7 Magensaft \u00b7 Lernkarten \ud83c\udfd7\ufe0fSystem-\u00dcberblick \ud83d\udcd0Wandschichten \ud83d\udc44Mundh\u00f6hle & Zunge \ud83d\udca7Speicheldr\u00fcsen \u2b07\ufe0fSchlucken \ud83d\udccfSpeiser\u00f6hre \ud83e\uded9Magen \ud83e\uddeaMagensaft \ud83c\udccfLernkarten 1 Das Verdauungssystem \u2014…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-774","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/generalistik-meistern.de\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/774","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/generalistik-meistern.de\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/generalistik-meistern.de\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/generalistik-meistern.de\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/generalistik-meistern.de\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=774"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/generalistik-meistern.de\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/774\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1093,"href":"https:\/\/generalistik-meistern.de\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/774\/revisions\/1093"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/generalistik-meistern.de\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=774"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}

{"id":774,"date":"2026-04-20T07:39:38","date_gmt":"2026-04-20T05:39:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/generalistik-meistern.de\/?page_id=774"},"modified":"2026-04-20T18:13:05","modified_gmt":"2026-04-20T16:13:05","slug":"verdauungstrakt-lernzettel","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/generalistik-meistern.de\/?page_id=774","title":{"rendered":"Verdauungstrakt – Lernzettel"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\n\n\n\nLernzettel \u2013 Verdauungstrakt Komplett<\/title>\n<link href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css2?family=Playfair+Display:wght@700;900&family=Source+Sans+3:ital,wght@0,300;0,400;0,600;0,700;1,400&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\">\n<style>\n:root {\n --red: #c0392b;\n --rose: #e74c3c;\n --cream: #fdf6ee;\n --warm: #f5ebe0;\n --sand: #e8d5b7;\n --brown: #8b5e3c;\n --dark: #2c1810;\n --muted: #6b4c3b;\n --green: #2d6a4f;\n --teal: #1b7a6e;\n --accent: #d4a017;\n --blue: #1a5276;\n --purple: #6c3483;\n}\n* { box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0; padding: 0; }\nbody { font-family: 'Source Sans 3', sans-serif; background: var(--cream); color: var(--dark); line-height: 1.7; }\n\n\/* NAV *\/\n.sticky-nav {\n position: sticky; top: 0; z-index: 100;\n background: rgba(44,24,16,0.96);\n backdrop-filter: blur(8px);\n display: flex; gap: 0; overflow-x: auto;\n scrollbar-width: none;\n}\n.sticky-nav::-webkit-scrollbar { display: none; }\n.sticky-nav a {\n color: rgba(255,255,255,0.75);\n text-decoration: none;\n padding: 0.65rem 1rem;\n font-size: 0.78rem;\n font-weight: 600;\n letter-spacing: 0.04em;\n white-space: nowrap;\n border-bottom: 3px solid transparent;\n transition: all 0.2s;\n}\n.sticky-nav a:hover { color: white; border-bottom-color: var(--accent); }\n\n\/* HEADER *\/\nheader {\n background: linear-gradient(135deg, var(--red) 0%, #922b21 55%, #641e16 100%);\n color: white; padding: 3rem 2rem 2.5rem;\n position: relative; overflow: hidden;\n}\nheader::before {\n content: '\ud83d\udd2c';\n position: absolute; right: 4%; top: 50%; transform: translateY(-50%);\n font-size: 9rem; opacity: 0.1;\n}\nheader::after {\n content: ''; position: absolute; bottom: 0; left: 0; right: 0;\n height: 5px;\n background: linear-gradient(90deg, transparent, var(--accent), transparent);\n}\n.badge {\n display: inline-block;\n background: rgba(255,255,255,0.18);\n border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.3);\n border-radius: 20px; padding: 0.25rem 0.9rem;\n font-size: 0.78rem; letter-spacing: 0.08em;\n text-transform: uppercase; margin-bottom: 0.8rem;\n}\nheader h1 { font-family: 'Playfair Display', serif; font-size: clamp(1.8rem,4vw,3rem); font-weight: 900; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0.4rem; }\nheader p { opacity: 0.8; font-size: 0.9rem; font-weight: 300; }\n.toc-grid {\n display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fill, minmax(160px, 1fr));\n gap: 0.5rem; margin-top: 1.5rem;\n}\n.toc-item {\n background: rgba(255,255,255,0.12);\n border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.2);\n border-radius: 8px; padding: 0.5rem 0.7rem;\n font-size: 0.8rem; color: rgba(255,255,255,0.9);\n text-decoration: none; transition: background 0.2s;\n}\n.toc-item:hover { background: rgba(255,255,255,0.22); }\n.toc-item span { display: block; font-size: 1.1rem; margin-bottom: 0.1rem; }\n\n\/* MAIN *\/\nmain { max-width: 980px; margin: 0 auto; padding: 2.5rem 1.4rem 5rem; }\n\n\/* SECTION HEADER *\/\n.section-label {\n display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 0.7rem;\n margin: 2.5rem 0 1rem;\n}\n.section-label .num {\n width: 36px; height: 36px; border-radius: 50%;\n display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center;\n font-weight: 900; font-size: 0.9rem; color: white; flex-shrink: 0;\n}\n.section-label h2 { font-family: 'Playfair Display', serif; font-size: 1.5rem; }\n\n\/* CARD *\/\n.card {\n background: white; border-radius: 16px; padding: 1.8rem;\n margin-bottom: 1.5rem;\n box-shadow: 0 3px 20px rgba(44,24,16,0.07);\n border-left: 5px solid var(--red);\n animation: fadeUp 0.5s ease both;\n}\n.card.green { border-left-color: var(--green); }\n.card.teal { border-left-color: var(--teal); }\n.card.brown { border-left-color: var(--brown); }\n.card.accent { border-left-color: var(--accent); }\n.card.blue { border-left-color: var(--blue); }\n.card.purple { border-left-color: var(--purple); }\n@keyframes fadeUp { from { opacity:0; transform:translateY(16px); } to { opacity:1; transform:translateY(0); } }\n\n.card h3 { font-family: 'Playfair Display', serif; font-size: 1.25rem; margin-bottom: 1rem; }\n.card h4 { font-size: 0.85rem; font-weight: 700; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.06em; color: var(--muted); margin: 1.2rem 0 0.5rem; }\n\n\/* TWO-COL *\/\n.two-col { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; gap: 1.2rem; }\n.three-col { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(3,1fr); gap: 1rem; }\n@media(max-width:640px) { .two-col,.three-col { grid-template-columns: 1fr; } }\n\n\/* DEF BOX *\/\n.def-box {\n background: linear-gradient(135deg, #ffeaea, #fff5f5);\n border: 1.5px solid #f5c6c6; border-radius: 12px;\n padding: 1.1rem 1.3rem; margin-bottom: 1.2rem;\n}\n.def-box strong { color: var(--red); }\n.card.green .def-box { background: linear-gradient(135deg,#e8f5e9,#f1f8e9); border-color: #a5d6a7; }\n.card.green .def-box strong { color: var(--green); }\n.card.teal .def-box { background: linear-gradient(135deg,#e0f5f3,#f0faf9); border-color: #80cbc4; }\n.card.blue .def-box { background: linear-gradient(135deg,#e3f2fd,#f0f8ff); border-color: #90caf9; }\n.card.blue .def-box strong { color: var(--blue); }\n.card.purple .def-box { background: linear-gradient(135deg,#f3e5f5,#fce4ec); border-color: #ce93d8; }\n\n\/* ANATOMY SVG BOXES *\/\n.anatomy-box {\n background: white; border-radius: 14px;\n box-shadow: 0 3px 20px rgba(44,24,16,0.08);\n padding: 1.5rem; margin-bottom: 1.5rem;\n text-align: center;\n}\n.anatomy-box h3 { font-family: 'Playfair Display',serif; font-size: 1.2rem; margin-bottom: 1.2rem; }\nsvg text { font-family: 'Source Sans 3', sans-serif; }\n\n\/* LAYERS *\/\n.layers { display: flex; gap: 0.6rem; flex-wrap: wrap; margin: 0.8rem 0; }\n.layer { flex:1; min-width:140px; border-radius:10px; padding:0.9rem; text-align:center; font-weight:700; font-size:0.88rem; transition: transform 0.2s; cursor:default; }\n.layer:hover { transform: translateY(-3px); }\n.layer-1 { background:#d5e8d4; border:2px solid #82b366; color:#2d5016; }\n.layer-2 { background:#dae8fc; border:2px solid #6c8ebf; color:#1a3a5c; }\n.layer-3 { background:#ffe6cc; border:2px solid #d79b00; color:#6b3a00; }\n.layer-4 { background:#f8cecc; border:2px solid #b85450; color:#641e16; }\n.layer small { display:block; font-weight:300; font-size:0.76rem; margin-top:0.2rem; }\n\n\/* CELL TABLE *\/\n.cell-table { width:100%; border-collapse:collapse; font-size:0.88rem; margin-top:0.8rem; }\n.cell-table th { padding:0.6rem 0.9rem; text-align:left; font-weight:700; font-size:0.82rem; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:0.04em; }\n.cell-table td { padding:0.65rem 0.9rem; border-bottom:1px solid var(--sand); vertical-align:top; }\n.cell-table tr:last-child td { border-bottom:none; }\n.cell-table tr:nth-child(even) td { background:var(--warm); }\n.th-red th { background:var(--red); color:white; }\n.th-green th { background:var(--green); color:white; }\n.th-teal th { background:var(--teal); color:white; }\n.th-blue th { background:var(--blue); color:white; }\n.th-purple th { background:var(--purple); color:white; }\n.th-brown th { background:var(--brown); color:white; }\n\n\/* TAG *\/\n.tag {\n display:inline-block; background:var(--warm); border:1px solid var(--sand);\n border-radius:6px; padding:0.1rem 0.5rem; font-size:0.8rem; font-weight:600;\n color:var(--brown); margin:0.1rem;\n}\n.tag.green { background:#e8f5e9; border-color:#a5d6a7; color:var(--green); }\n.tag.blue { background:#e3f2fd; border-color:#90caf9; color:var(--blue); }\n.tag.red { background:#ffeaea; border-color:#f5c6c6; color:var(--red); }\n.tag.purple{ background:#f3e5f5; border-color:#ce93d8; color:var(--purple); }\n\n\/* MERKE \/ NICE TO KNOW *\/\n.merke {\n background: linear-gradient(135deg,#fff9e6,#fff3cd);\n border:2px solid var(--accent); border-radius:12px;\n padding:1rem 1.3rem; margin-top:1.2rem;\n display:flex; gap:0.6rem; align-items:flex-start;\n}\n.merke-icon { font-size:1.3rem; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:1px; }\n.merke strong { color:#8b6000; }\n\n\/* NICE TO KNOW BOX *\/\n.ntk {\n background: linear-gradient(135deg, #e8f4fd, #d6eaf8);\n border: 2px solid #5dade2;\n border-radius: 14px; padding: 1.2rem 1.4rem;\n margin-top: 1.5rem; position: relative;\n}\n.ntk::before {\n content: '\ud83d\udca1 NICE TO KNOW';\n display: block; font-size: 0.72rem; font-weight: 700;\n letter-spacing: 0.1em; color: #1a5276;\n margin-bottom: 0.6rem;\n}\n.ntk p, .ntk li { font-size: 0.88rem; color: #1a3a5c; line-height: 1.6; }\n.ntk ul { padding-left: 1.2rem; }\n.ntk strong { color: #1a5276; }\n\n\/* STOMACH SECTIONS *\/\n.stomach-grid { display:grid; grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fill,minmax(165px,1fr)); gap:0.7rem; margin:0.8rem 0; }\n.stomach-item { border-radius:10px; padding:0.85rem; font-size:0.85rem; border:2px solid; }\n.stomach-item strong { display:block; margin-bottom:0.2rem; font-size:0.92rem; }\n\n\/* FLASHCARDS SECTION *\/\n.fc-grid { display:grid; grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fill,minmax(280px,1fr)); gap:1rem; margin-top:1rem; }\n.fc {\n perspective: 1000px; cursor:pointer; height: 130px;\n}\n.fc-inner {\n position:relative; width:100%; height:100%;\n transform-style: preserve-3d;\n transition: transform 0.55s cubic-bezier(.4,0,.2,1);\n border-radius: 12px;\n}\n.fc.flipped .fc-inner { transform: rotateY(180deg); }\n.fc-front, .fc-back {\n position:absolute; width:100%; height:100%;\n backface-visibility:hidden; border-radius:12px;\n display:flex; flex-direction:column;\n align-items:center; justify-content:center;\n padding:1rem; text-align:center;\n}\n.fc-front { background:white; border:2px solid var(--sand); }\n.fc-front .q { font-weight:700; font-size:0.88rem; color:var(--dark); }\n.fc-front .hint { font-size:0.72rem; color:var(--muted); margin-top:0.4rem; }\n.fc-back { background: linear-gradient(135deg, var(--red), #922b21); color:white; transform:rotateY(180deg); }\n.fc-back .a { font-size:0.85rem; line-height:1.5; }\n.fc-cat { font-size:0.65rem; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:0.08em; opacity:0.7; margin-bottom:0.3rem; }\n\n\/* PROGRESS *\/\n.fc-controls { display:flex; gap:0.8rem; align-items:center; margin-bottom:1rem; flex-wrap:wrap; }\n.fc-controls button {\n border:none; border-radius:8px; padding:0.45rem 1rem;\n font-size:0.82rem; font-weight:700; cursor:pointer; transition:all 0.2s;\n}\n.btn-all { background:var(--dark); color:white; }\n.btn-filter { background:var(--warm); color:var(--dark); border:1px solid var(--sand)!important; }\n.btn-filter.active { background:var(--red); color:white; border-color:var(--red)!important; }\n.fc-count { font-size:0.82rem; color:var(--muted); }\n\n\/* PROCESS STEPS *\/\n.steps { display:flex; flex-direction:column; gap:0; margin:1rem 0; }\n.step {\n display:grid; grid-template-columns:40px 1fr;\n gap:0; position:relative;\n}\n.step-num {\n display:flex; flex-direction:column; align-items:center;\n}\n.step-circle {\n width:36px; height:36px; border-radius:50%;\n display:flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center;\n font-weight:900; font-size:0.85rem; color:white; flex-shrink:0;\n z-index:1;\n}\n.step-line { flex:1; width:2px; background:var(--sand); margin:0 auto; }\n.step:last-child .step-line { display:none; }\n.step-body { padding:0 0 1.2rem 0.8rem; }\n.step-title { font-weight:700; font-size:0.92rem; }\n.step-text { font-size:0.85rem; color:var(--muted); margin-top:0.2rem; }\n\n\/* ENGSTELLEN VISUAL *\/\n.engstelle-row { display:flex; gap:1rem; flex-wrap:wrap; margin:1rem 0; }\n.engstelle {\n flex:1; min-width:150px; border-radius:10px; padding:0.9rem;\n border:2px solid; text-align:center;\n}\n.engstelle .num { font-size:1.5rem; font-weight:900; }\n.engstelle h5 { font-weight:700; font-size:0.88rem; margin:0.2rem 0; }\n.engstelle p { font-size:0.8rem; }\n\n\/* SPEICHEL COMPOSITION *\/\n.pie-legend { display:flex; gap:0.5rem; flex-wrap:wrap; justify-content:center; margin-top:0.8rem; }\n.pie-item { display:flex; align-items:center; gap:0.3rem; font-size:0.8rem; }\n.pie-dot { width:12px; height:12px; border-radius:50%; flex-shrink:0; }\n\n\/* FOOTER *\/\nfooter { text-align:center; padding:2rem; color:var(--muted); font-size:0.8rem; border-top:1px solid var(--sand); margin-top:2rem; }\n\n@media(max-width:500px) { .fc-grid { grid-template-columns:1fr; } }\n<\/style>\n<\/head>\n<body>\n\n<nav class=\"sticky-nav\">\n <a href=\"#overview\">\ud83c\udfd7\ufe0f \u00dcberblick<\/a>\n <a href=\"#wandschichten\">\ud83d\udcd0 Wandschichten<\/a>\n <a href=\"#mund\">\ud83d\udc44 Mundh\u00f6hle<\/a>\n <a href=\"#speichel\">\ud83d\udca7 Speichel<\/a>\n <a href=\"#schlucken\">\u2b07\ufe0f Schlucken<\/a>\n <a href=\"#speiseroehre\">\ud83d\udccf Speiser\u00f6hre<\/a>\n <a href=\"#magen\">\ud83e\uded9 Magen<\/a>\n <a href=\"#magensaft\">\ud83e\uddea Magensaft<\/a>\n <a href=\"#karten\">\ud83c\udccf Lernkarten<\/a>\n<\/nav>\n\n<header>\n <div style=\"max-width:980px;margin:0 auto;\">\n <div class=\"badge\">Verdauungssystem<\/div>\n <h1>Anatomie & Physiologie<br>Verdauungstrakt \u2014 Komplett<\/h1>\n <p>Vollst\u00e4ndiger Lernzettel mit Diagrammen \u00b7 Wandschichten \u00b7 Magen \u00b7 Magensaft \u00b7 Lernkarten<\/p>\n <div class=\"toc-grid\">\n <a class=\"toc-item\" href=\"#overview\"><span>\ud83c\udfd7\ufe0f<\/span>System-\u00dcberblick<\/a>\n <a class=\"toc-item\" href=\"#wandschichten\"><span>\ud83d\udcd0<\/span>Wandschichten<\/a>\n <a class=\"toc-item\" href=\"#mund\"><span>\ud83d\udc44<\/span>Mundh\u00f6hle & Zunge<\/a>\n <a class=\"toc-item\" href=\"#speichel\"><span>\ud83d\udca7<\/span>Speicheldr\u00fcsen<\/a>\n <a class=\"toc-item\" href=\"#schlucken\"><span>\u2b07\ufe0f<\/span>Schlucken<\/a>\n <a class=\"toc-item\" href=\"#speiseroehre\"><span>\ud83d\udccf<\/span>Speiser\u00f6hre<\/a>\n <a class=\"toc-item\" href=\"#magen\"><span>\ud83e\uded9<\/span>Magen<\/a>\n <a class=\"toc-item\" href=\"#magensaft\"><span>\ud83e\uddea<\/span>Magensaft<\/a>\n <a class=\"toc-item\" href=\"#karten\"><span>\ud83c\udccf<\/span>Lernkarten<\/a>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/header>\n\n<main>\n\n\n<div class=\"section-label\" id=\"overview\">\n <div class=\"num\" style=\"background:var(--red);\">1<\/div>\n <h2>Das Verdauungssystem \u2014 \u00dcberblick<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"card\">\n <h3>Was ist das Verdauungssystem?<\/h3>\n <div class=\"def-box\">\n <strong>Verdauungstrakt<\/strong> (= Verdauungskanal) = durchgehendes Rohr vom Mund bis zum After.<br>\n <strong>Verdauungssystem<\/strong> = Verdauungstrakt <em>+<\/em> Verdauungsdr\u00fcsen (Speicheldr\u00fcsen, Leber, Pankreas)\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"def-box\" style=\"background:linear-gradient(135deg,#e8f5e9,#f1f8e9);border-color:#a5d6a7;\">\n <strong style=\"color:var(--green);\">Peristaltik<\/strong> = wellenf\u00f6rmige Muskelkontraktionen der Darmwand \u2192 Transport + mechanische Durchmischung des Nahrungsbreis\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div class=\"anatomy-box\" style=\"margin-top:1rem;\">\n <h3>\ud83d\uddfa\ufe0f Abschnitte des Verdauungstrakts<\/h3>\n <svg viewBox=\"0 0 320 560\" width=\"100%\" style=\"max-width:300px;display:block;margin:0 auto;\">\n \n <rect x=\"90\" y=\"12\" width=\"140\" height=\"44\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#ffd6a5\" stroke=\"#e07b39\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <text x=\"160\" y=\"30\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"13\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#6b3a00\">Mundh\u00f6hle<\/text>\n <text x=\"160\" y=\"47\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" fill=\"#6b3a00\">Z\u00e4hne \u00b7 Zunge \u00b7 Speichel<\/text>\n\n <line x1=\"160\" y1=\"56\" x2=\"160\" y2=\"76\" stroke=\"#ccc\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-dasharray=\"5,3\"\/>\n\n \n <rect x=\"100\" y=\"76\" width=\"120\" height=\"38\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#ffeaa7\" stroke=\"#f39c12\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <text x=\"160\" y=\"95\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"12\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#7d6608\">Rachen (Pharynx)<\/text>\n <text x=\"160\" y=\"108\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#7d6608\">Kreuzung Speise- u. Atemweg<\/text>\n\n <line x1=\"160\" y1=\"114\" x2=\"160\" y2=\"134\" stroke=\"#ccc\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-dasharray=\"5,3\"\/>\n\n \n <rect x=\"95\" y=\"134\" width=\"130\" height=\"50\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#caffbf\" stroke=\"#2d6a4f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <text x=\"160\" y=\"157\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"13\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#1b4332\">Speiser\u00f6hre<\/text>\n <text x=\"160\" y=\"171\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" fill=\"#1b4332\">(\u00d6sophagus) \u00b7 ca. 25 cm<\/text>\n <text x=\"160\" y=\"181\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#1b4332\">3 Engstellen<\/text>\n\n <line x1=\"160\" y1=\"184\" x2=\"160\" y2=\"204\" stroke=\"#ccc\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-dasharray=\"5,3\"\/>\n\n \n <rect x=\"75\" y=\"204\" width=\"170\" height=\"60\" rx=\"12\" fill=\"#ffc6ff\" stroke=\"#7b2d8b\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <text x=\"160\" y=\"228\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#4a006e\">Magen (Gaster)<\/text>\n <text x=\"160\" y=\"244\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" fill=\"#4a006e\">Kardia \u00b7 Fundus \u00b7 Korpus<\/text>\n <text x=\"160\" y=\"257\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" fill=\"#4a006e\">Antrum \u00b7 Pylorus \u00b7 ~1,5 l<\/text>\n\n <line x1=\"160\" y1=\"264\" x2=\"160\" y2=\"284\" stroke=\"#ccc\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-dasharray=\"5,3\"\/>\n\n \n <rect x=\"68\" y=\"284\" width=\"184\" height=\"60\" rx=\"12\" fill=\"#a0c4ff\" stroke=\"#1c4f8a\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <text x=\"160\" y=\"308\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#0d2b5e\">D\u00fcnndarm<\/text>\n <text x=\"160\" y=\"325\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" fill=\"#0d2b5e\">Duodenum (12-Fingerdarm)<\/text>\n <text x=\"160\" y=\"338\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" fill=\"#0d2b5e\">Jejunum \u00b7 Ileum \u00b7 ~3\u20135 m<\/text>\n\n <line x1=\"160\" y1=\"344\" x2=\"160\" y2=\"364\" stroke=\"#ccc\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-dasharray=\"5,3\"\/>\n\n \n <rect x=\"68\" y=\"364\" width=\"184\" height=\"55\" rx=\"12\" fill=\"#ffadad\" stroke=\"#c0392b\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <text x=\"160\" y=\"387\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#641e16\">Dickdarm (Kolon)<\/text>\n <text x=\"160\" y=\"403\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" fill=\"#641e16\">Z\u00e4kum \u00b7 Kolon \u00b7 Sigma \u00b7 ~1,5 m<\/text>\n <text x=\"160\" y=\"414\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#641e16\">Wasserr\u00fcckresorption<\/text>\n\n <line x1=\"160\" y1=\"419\" x2=\"160\" y2=\"439\" stroke=\"#ccc\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-dasharray=\"5,3\"\/>\n\n \n <rect x=\"95\" y=\"439\" width=\"130\" height=\"44\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#e8d5b7\" stroke=\"#8b5e3c\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <text x=\"160\" y=\"458\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"12\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#5c3317\">Rektum \u00b7 After<\/text>\n <text x=\"160\" y=\"474\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" fill=\"#5c3317\">(Mastdarm \u00b7 Anus)<\/text>\n\n \n <rect x=\"258\" y=\"204\" width=\"56\" height=\"28\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#fff0d4\" stroke=\"#e07b39\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\n <text x=\"286\" y=\"222\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#6b3a00\">Leber<\/text>\n <rect x=\"258\" y=\"240\" width=\"56\" height=\"28\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#fff0d4\" stroke=\"#e07b39\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\n <text x=\"286\" y=\"258\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#6b3a00\">Pankreas<\/text>\n <line x1=\"258\" y1=\"218\" x2=\"246\" y2=\"240\" stroke=\"#e07b39\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-dasharray=\"3,2\"\/>\n <\/svg>\n <p style=\"font-size:0.8rem;color:var(--muted);margin-top:0.5rem;\">Gesamtl\u00e4nge Verdauungskanal: ca. <strong>7\u20139 m<\/strong><\/p>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"ntk\">\n <p>Der Verdauungstrakt besteht aus <strong>Verdauungstrakt + Verdauungsdr\u00fcsen<\/strong>. Die <strong>Peristaltik<\/strong> erm\u00f6glicht den Transport auch gegen die Schwerkraft \u2013 deshalb kann man theoretisch kopf\u00fcber essen. Die gesamte Schleimhautoberfl\u00e4che des D\u00fcnndarms betr\u00e4gt durch Zotten und Mikrovilli ca. <strong>200 m\u00b2<\/strong> \u2013 so gro\u00df wie ein Tennisplatz!<\/p>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"section-label\" id=\"wandschichten\">\n <div class=\"num\" style=\"background:var(--teal);\">2<\/div>\n <h2>Wandschichten des Verdauungstrakts<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"card teal\">\n <h3>Die 4 Schichten \u2014 von innen nach au\u00dfen<\/h3>\n\n \n <div style=\"text-align:center;margin:1rem 0;\">\n <svg viewBox=\"0 0 680 240\" width=\"100%\" style=\"max-width:660px;\">\n <ellipse cx=\"340\" cy=\"120\" rx=\"310\" ry=\"110\" fill=\"#f8cecc\" stroke=\"#b85450\" stroke-width=\"2.5\"\/>\n <text x=\"22\" y=\"110\" font-size=\"12\" fill=\"#641e16\" font-weight=\"bold\">4. Serosa<\/text>\n <text x=\"22\" y=\"126\" font-size=\"10\" fill=\"#641e16\">(Adventitia)<\/text>\n\n <ellipse cx=\"340\" cy=\"120\" rx=\"258\" ry=\"88\" fill=\"#ffe6cc\" stroke=\"#d79b00\" stroke-width=\"2.5\"\/>\n <text x=\"82\" y=\"45\" font-size=\"12\" fill=\"#6b3a00\" font-weight=\"bold\">3. Muskularis<\/text>\n <text x=\"82\" y=\"60\" font-size=\"10\" fill=\"#6b3a00\">Ring- + L\u00e4ngsmuskulatur<\/text>\n <text x=\"82\" y=\"74\" font-size=\"10\" fill=\"#6b3a00\">(Magen: + Schr\u00e4gmuskulatur)<\/text>\n\n <ellipse cx=\"340\" cy=\"120\" rx=\"198\" ry=\"67\" fill=\"#dae8fc\" stroke=\"#6c8ebf\" stroke-width=\"2.5\"\/>\n <text x=\"150\" y=\"55\" font-size=\"12\" fill=\"#1a3a5c\" font-weight=\"bold\">2. Submukosa<\/text>\n <text x=\"150\" y=\"70\" font-size=\"10\" fill=\"#1a3a5c\">Blutgef\u00e4\u00dfe \u00b7 Nerven<\/text>\n <text x=\"150\" y=\"83\" font-size=\"10\" fill=\"#1a3a5c\">Meissner-Plexus<\/text>\n\n <ellipse cx=\"340\" cy=\"120\" rx=\"140\" ry=\"47\" fill=\"#d5e8d4\" stroke=\"#82b366\" stroke-width=\"2.5\"\/>\n <text x=\"260\" y=\"113\" font-size=\"12\" fill=\"#2d5016\" font-weight=\"bold\" text-anchor=\"middle\">1. Mukosa<\/text>\n <text x=\"260\" y=\"127\" font-size=\"10\" fill=\"#2d5016\" text-anchor=\"middle\">(Schleimhaut)<\/text>\n <text x=\"260\" y=\"140\" font-size=\"10\" fill=\"#2d5016\" text-anchor=\"middle\">+ Dr\u00fcsen m\u00f6gl.<\/text>\n\n <ellipse cx=\"340\" cy=\"120\" rx=\"82\" ry=\"25\" fill=\"white\" stroke=\"#bbb\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-dasharray=\"5,3\"\/>\n <text x=\"340\" y=\"124\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#aaa\" text-anchor=\"middle\">Lumen<\/text>\n\n \n <text x=\"648\" y=\"48\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#641e16\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-weight=\"bold\">4. Serosa<\/text>\n <text x=\"648\" y=\"85\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#6b3a00\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-weight=\"bold\">3. Muskularis<\/text>\n <text x=\"648\" y=\"122\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#1a3a5c\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-weight=\"bold\">2. Submukosa<\/text>\n <text x=\"648\" y=\"158\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#2d5016\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-weight=\"bold\">1. Mukosa<\/text>\n\n <defs>\n <marker id=\"a1\" markerWidth=\"6\" markerHeight=\"6\" refX=\"3\" refY=\"3\" orient=\"auto\"><path d=\"M0,0 L6,3 L0,6 Z\" fill=\"#641e16\"\/><\/marker>\n <marker id=\"a2\" markerWidth=\"6\" markerHeight=\"6\" refX=\"3\" refY=\"3\" orient=\"auto\"><path d=\"M0,0 L6,3 L0,6 Z\" fill=\"#6b3a00\"\/><\/marker>\n <marker id=\"a3\" markerWidth=\"6\" markerHeight=\"6\" refX=\"3\" refY=\"3\" orient=\"auto\"><path d=\"M0,0 L6,3 L0,6 Z\" fill=\"#1a3a5c\"\/><\/marker>\n <marker id=\"a4\" markerWidth=\"6\" markerHeight=\"6\" refX=\"3\" refY=\"3\" orient=\"auto\"><path d=\"M0,0 L6,3 L0,6 Z\" fill=\"#2d5016\"\/><\/marker>\n <\/defs>\n <line x1=\"605\" y1=\"46\" x2=\"590\" y2=\"46\" stroke=\"#641e16\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" marker-end=\"url(#a1)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"605\" y1=\"83\" x2=\"590\" y2=\"83\" stroke=\"#6b3a00\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" marker-end=\"url(#a2)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"605\" y1=\"120\" x2=\"566\" y2=\"120\" stroke=\"#1a3a5c\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" marker-end=\"url(#a3)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"605\" y1=\"156\" x2=\"510\" y2=\"140\" stroke=\"#2d5016\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" marker-end=\"url(#a4)\"\/>\n <\/svg>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"layers\">\n <div class=\"layer layer-1\">\ud83d\udfe2 Mukosa<small>Schleimhaut \u00b7 innerste Schicht \u00b7 kann Dr\u00fcsen enthalten \u00b7 Zotten im D\u00fcnndarm<\/small><\/div>\n <div class=\"layer layer-2\">\ud83d\udd35 Submukosa<small>Bindegewebe \u00b7 Blutgef\u00e4\u00dfe \u00b7 Nerven \u00b7 Meissner-Plexus steuert Dr\u00fcsen<\/small><\/div>\n <div class=\"layer layer-3\">\ud83d\udfe0 Muskularis<small>Ring- + L\u00e4ngsmuskulatur \u00b7 Auerbach-Plexus regelt Peristaltik \u00b7 Magen: + Schr\u00e4gschicht<\/small><\/div>\n <div class=\"layer layer-4\">\ud83d\udd34 Serosa<small>\u00c4u\u00dferste Schicht \u00b7 Bauchfell \u00b7 ohne Bauchfell = Adventitia<\/small><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <table class=\"cell-table th-teal\" style=\"margin-top:1rem;\">\n <tr><th>Schicht<\/th><th>Fachbegriff<\/th><th>Besonderheit<\/th><\/tr>\n <tr><td><strong>Mukosa<\/strong><\/td><td>Tunica mucosa<\/td><td>Schleimhaut, kann Dr\u00fcsen enthalten; Zotten im D\u00fcnndarm<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td><strong>Submukosa<\/strong><\/td><td>Tela submucosa<\/td><td>Blutgef\u00e4\u00dfe + Nerven; <em>Meissner-Plexus<\/em> \u2192 steuert Dr\u00fcsen<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td><strong>Muskularis<\/strong><\/td><td>Tunica muscularis<\/td><td>L\u00e4ngs- + Ringmuskulatur; <em>Auerbach-Plexus<\/em> \u2192 regelt Peristaltik; Magen: zus\u00e4tzlich Schr\u00e4gschicht<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td><strong>Serosa<\/strong><\/td><td>Serosa \/ Adventitia<\/td><td>\u00c4u\u00dferste Schicht; bei Bauchfell\u00fcberzug = Serosa, sonst = Adventitia<\/td><\/tr>\n <\/table>\n\n <div class=\"merke\" style=\"margin-top:1rem;\">\n <span class=\"merke-icon\">\ud83e\udde0<\/span>\n <span><strong>Eselsbr\u00fccke:<\/strong> <strong>M<\/strong>eine <strong>S<\/strong>chwester <strong>M<\/strong>acht <strong>S<\/strong>port = <strong>M<\/strong>ukosa \u00b7 <strong>S<\/strong>ubmukosa \u00b7 <strong>M<\/strong>uskularis \u00b7 <strong>S<\/strong>erosa<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"ntk\">\n <p>Der <strong>Meissner-Plexus<\/strong> (in der Submukosa) steuert die Dr\u00fcsenaktivit\u00e4t der Schleimhaut. Der <strong>Auerbach-Plexus<\/strong> (in der Muskularis) reguliert die Peristaltik. Beide Nervengeflechte werden durch den <strong>Sympathikus<\/strong> (hemmt) und <strong>Parasympathikus<\/strong> (f\u00f6rdert) des vegetativen Nervensystems beeinflusst. Der Magen ist das einzige Organ mit einer <strong>dritten Muskelschicht<\/strong> (Schr\u00e4gmuskulatur) \u2014 das erm\u00f6glicht die kr\u00e4ftige Durchmischung des Speisebreis.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"section-label\" id=\"mund\">\n <div class=\"num\" style=\"background:var(--green);\">3<\/div>\n <h2>Mundh\u00f6hle & Zunge<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"card green\">\n <div class=\"two-col\">\n <div>\n <h3>Die Mundh\u00f6hle<\/h3>\n <div class=\"def-box\">\n <strong>Anfangsteil<\/strong> des Verdauungstrakts \u00b7 Aufnahme + Vorbereitung der Nahrung \u00b7 Ausgekleidet mit <em>mehrschichtigem Plattenepithel<\/em>\n <\/div>\n <h4>Aufgaben der Zunge (Lingua)<\/h4>\n <p style=\"font-size:0.88rem;\">Die Zunge ist ein mit Schleimhaut \u00fcberzogener <strong>Muskelk\u00f6rper<\/strong>:<\/p>\n <ul style=\"padding-left:1.2rem;font-size:0.88rem;margin-top:0.4rem;\">\n <li>Hilft bei Kau- und Saugbewegungen<\/li>\n <li>Formt schluckf\u00e4higen Bissen + beginnt Schluckbewegung<\/li>\n <li>Geschmacks- und Tastempfinden (Geschmacksknospen)<\/li>\n <li>Lautbildung beim Sprechen<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <h4>Z\u00e4hne<\/h4>\n <p style=\"font-size:0.88rem;\">Mechanische Zerkleinerung der Nahrung \u2192 bilden zusammen das <strong>Gebiss<\/strong><\/p>\n <\/div>\n <div>\n \n <svg viewBox=\"0 0 260 260\" width=\"100%\" style=\"max-width:250px;display:block;margin:0 auto;background:#fff8f0;border-radius:12px;padding:8px;\">\n \n <ellipse cx=\"130\" cy=\"130\" rx=\"115\" ry=\"100\" fill=\"#ffe0e0\" stroke=\"#e07b39\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\n \n <path d=\"M 55 100 Q 130 70 205 100\" stroke=\"#c0392b\" stroke-width=\"2\" fill=\"none\"\/>\n <text x=\"130\" y=\"88\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#c0392b\">harter Gaumen<\/text>\n \n <rect x=\"70\" y=\"103\" width=\"10\" height=\"12\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"white\" stroke=\"#aaa\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <rect x=\"84\" y=\"103\" width=\"10\" height=\"12\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"white\" stroke=\"#aaa\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <rect x=\"98\" y=\"101\" width=\"11\" height=\"14\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"white\" stroke=\"#aaa\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <rect x=\"113\" y=\"101\" width=\"11\" height=\"14\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"white\" stroke=\"#aaa\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <rect x=\"128\" y=\"101\" width=\"11\" height=\"14\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"white\" stroke=\"#aaa\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <rect x=\"143\" y=\"101\" width=\"11\" height=\"14\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"white\" stroke=\"#aaa\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <rect x=\"158\" y=\"103\" width=\"10\" height=\"12\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"white\" stroke=\"#aaa\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <rect x=\"172\" y=\"103\" width=\"10\" height=\"12\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"white\" stroke=\"#aaa\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n \n <ellipse cx=\"130\" cy=\"168\" rx=\"58\" ry=\"30\" fill=\"#e8a598\" stroke=\"#c0392b\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\n <text x=\"130\" y=\"172\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#641e16\">Zunge<\/text>\n \n <rect x=\"70\" y=\"148\" width=\"10\" height=\"12\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"white\" stroke=\"#aaa\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <rect x=\"84\" y=\"148\" width=\"10\" height=\"12\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"white\" stroke=\"#aaa\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <rect x=\"98\" y=\"148\" width=\"11\" height=\"14\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"white\" stroke=\"#aaa\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <rect x=\"113\" y=\"148\" width=\"11\" height=\"14\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"white\" stroke=\"#aaa\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <rect x=\"128\" y=\"148\" width=\"11\" height=\"14\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"white\" stroke=\"#aaa\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <rect x=\"143\" y=\"148\" width=\"11\" height=\"14\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"white\" stroke=\"#aaa\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <rect x=\"158\" y=\"148\" width=\"10\" height=\"12\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"white\" stroke=\"#aaa\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <rect x=\"172\" y=\"148\" width=\"10\" height=\"12\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"white\" stroke=\"#aaa\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n\n <text x=\"130\" y=\"218\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#6b3a00\">Mundraum \u2014 vereinfacht<\/text>\n \n <circle cx=\"120\" cy=\"162\" r=\"2\" fill=\"#c0392b\" opacity=\"0.5\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"130\" cy=\"160\" r=\"2\" fill=\"#c0392b\" opacity=\"0.5\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"140\" cy=\"162\" r=\"2\" fill=\"#c0392b\" opacity=\"0.5\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"125\" cy=\"170\" r=\"2\" fill=\"#c0392b\" opacity=\"0.5\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"135\" cy=\"170\" r=\"2\" fill=\"#c0392b\" opacity=\"0.5\"\/>\n <text x=\"160\" y=\"185\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#c0392b\">Geschmacks-<\/text>\n <text x=\"160\" y=\"194\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#c0392b\">knospen<\/text>\n <line x1=\"155\" y1=\"175\" x2=\"135\" y2=\"170\" stroke=\"#c0392b\" stroke-width=\"0.8\"\/>\n <\/svg>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"ntk\">\n <p>Die Mundh\u00f6hle beginnt bereits mit der <strong>chemischen Verdauung<\/strong>: Speichelamylase (Ptyalin) spaltet Kohlenhydrate. Die Zunge enth\u00e4lt ca. <strong>10.000 Geschmacksknospen<\/strong>, die die 5 Grundgeschm\u00e4cker erkennen: s\u00fc\u00df, sauer, salzig, bitter und <em>umami<\/em> (herzhaft). Die Schleimhaut der Mundh\u00f6hle erneuert sich alle <strong>3\u20137 Tage<\/strong>.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"section-label\" id=\"speichel\">\n <div class=\"num\" style=\"background:var(--blue);\">4<\/div>\n <h2>Speicheldr\u00fcsen & Speichelzusammensetzung<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"card blue\">\n <h3>Die 3 gro\u00dfen Speicheldr\u00fcsen<\/h3>\n\n \n <div style=\"text-align:center;margin:1rem 0;\">\n <svg viewBox=\"0 0 380 260\" width=\"100%\" style=\"max-width:370px;display:block;margin:0 auto;\">\n \n <path d=\"M80 240 Q70 180 75 130 Q78 60 140 30 Q190 8 230 25 Q280 45 290 100 Q305 160 290 220 Q270 245 230 250 Q170 258 80 240 Z\" fill=\"#f9e4d4\" stroke=\"#c9956c\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n \n <ellipse cx=\"170\" cy=\"195\" rx=\"38\" ry=\"16\" fill=\"#e8a598\" stroke=\"#c0392b\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\n <text x=\"170\" y=\"199\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#641e16\">Zunge<\/text>\n \n <path d=\"M95 220 Q150 240 220 235 Q255 232 270 220\" stroke=\"#8b5e3c\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke-dasharray=\"4,2\"\/>\n <text x=\"180\" y=\"255\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#8b5e3c\">Unterkiefer<\/text>\n\n \n <ellipse cx=\"278\" cy=\"130\" rx=\"26\" ry=\"22\" fill=\"#ffd6a5\" stroke=\"#e07b39\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <text x=\"278\" y=\"127\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#6b3a00\">Ohrspeichel-<\/text>\n <text x=\"278\" y=\"138\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#6b3a00\">dr\u00fcse<\/text>\n <text x=\"310\" y=\"130\" text-anchor=\"start\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#6b3a00\" font-style=\"italic\">Parotis<\/text>\n \n <line x1=\"254\" y1=\"135\" x2=\"200\" y2=\"175\" stroke=\"#e07b39\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-dasharray=\"3,2\"\/>\n <text x=\"212\" y=\"165\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#e07b39\">Ductus parotideus<\/text>\n\n \n <ellipse cx=\"185\" cy=\"230\" rx=\"22\" ry=\"14\" fill=\"#caffbf\" stroke=\"#2d6a4f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <text x=\"185\" y=\"228\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#1b4332\">Unterkiefer-<\/text>\n <text x=\"185\" y=\"237\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#1b4332\">speicheldr\u00fcse<\/text>\n <text x=\"120\" y=\"245\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#2d6a4f\" font-style=\"italic\" text-anchor=\"middle\">Glandula submandibularis<\/text>\n <line x1=\"165\" y1=\"230\" x2=\"148\" y2=\"243\" stroke=\"#2d6a4f\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-dasharray=\"2,2\"\/>\n\n \n <ellipse cx=\"148\" cy=\"205\" rx=\"18\" ry=\"11\" fill=\"#a0c4ff\" stroke=\"#1c4f8a\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <text x=\"148\" y=\"204\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#0d2b5e\">Unterzungen-<\/text>\n <text x=\"148\" y=\"213\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#0d2b5e\">speicheldr\u00fcse<\/text>\n <text x=\"80\" y=\"208\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#1c4f8a\" font-style=\"italic\" text-anchor=\"middle\">Glandula sublingualis<\/text>\n <line x1=\"131\" y1=\"206\" x2=\"110\" y2=\"208\" stroke=\"#1c4f8a\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-dasharray=\"2,2\"\/>\n <\/svg>\n <\/div>\n\n <table class=\"cell-table th-blue\">\n <tr><th>Dr\u00fcse<\/th><th>Lateinisch<\/th><th>Lage<\/th><th>Sekrettyp<\/th><\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td><strong>Ohrspeicheldr\u00fcse<\/strong><\/td>\n <td><em>Glandula parotidea (Parotis)<\/em><\/td>\n <td>Vor dem Ohr, au\u00dferhalb Mundraum<\/td>\n <td>Rein ser\u00f6s (w\u00e4ssrig) \u2192 Ptyalin<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td><strong>Unterkieferspeicheldr\u00fcse<\/strong><\/td>\n <td><em>Glandula submandibularis<\/em><\/td>\n <td>Unter dem Unterkiefer<\/td>\n <td>Gemischt ser\u00f6s + muk\u00f6s<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td><strong>Unterzungenspeicheldr\u00fcse<\/strong><\/td>\n <td><em>Glandula sublingualis<\/em><\/td>\n <td>Unter der Zunge<\/td>\n <td>\u00dcberwiegend muk\u00f6s (schleimig)<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <\/table>\n\n <h4 style=\"margin-top:1.2rem;\">Zusammensetzung des Speichels<\/h4>\n <div class=\"two-col\" style=\"margin-top:0.5rem;align-items:center;\">\n <div>\n <svg viewBox=\"0 0 180 180\" width=\"160\" style=\"display:block;margin:0 auto;\">\n <circle cx=\"90\" cy=\"90\" r=\"80\" fill=\"#dae8fc\" stroke=\"#6c8ebf\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n \n <path d=\"M90 90 L90 10 A80 80 0 1 1 88.6 10.01 Z\" fill=\"#5b9bd5\" opacity=\"0.85\"\/>\n <text x=\"60\" y=\"80\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"white\">99,5%<\/text>\n <text x=\"55\" y=\"95\" font-size=\"10\" fill=\"white\">Wasser<\/text>\n \n <path d=\"M90 90 L90 10 A80 80 0 0 0 88.6 10.01 Z\" fill=\"#e07b39\" opacity=\"0.9\"\/>\n <text x=\"86\" y=\"18\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#6b3a00\" font-weight=\"bold\">0,5%<\/text>\n <line x1=\"95\" y1=\"15\" x2=\"140\" y2=\"30\" stroke=\"#e07b39\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <text x=\"142\" y=\"28\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#6b3a00\">Enzyme,<\/text>\n <text x=\"142\" y=\"40\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#6b3a00\">Elektrolyte,<\/text>\n <text x=\"142\" y=\"52\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#6b3a00\">Schleim<\/text>\n <\/svg>\n <\/div>\n <div>\n <p style=\"font-size:0.85rem;\"><strong>Inhaltsstoffe (0,5 %):<\/strong><\/p>\n <ul style=\"font-size:0.83rem;padding-left:1.1rem;margin-top:0.3rem;line-height:1.9;\">\n <li><strong>Ptyalin<\/strong> (\u03b1-Amylase) \u2192 spaltet Kohlenhydrate<\/li>\n <li><strong>Nukleasen<\/strong> \u2192 spalten Nukleins\u00e4uren<\/li>\n <li><strong>Zungengrundlipase<\/strong> \u2192 Fettspaltung (aktiv erst im Magen)<\/li>\n <li><strong>Muzin<\/strong> \u2192 Gleitmittel, erleichtert Schlucken<\/li>\n <li>Antimikrobielle Substanzen (z.B. Lysozym)<\/li>\n <li>Elektrolyte (Na\u207a, K\u207a, Ca\u00b2\u207a, HCO\u2083\u207b)<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <p style=\"font-size:0.82rem;margin-top:0.6rem;color:var(--muted);\">Tagesproduktion: <strong>0,5\u20131,5 Liter<\/strong><\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"merke\">\n <span class=\"merke-icon\">\ud83d\udca1<\/span>\n <span>Speichelproduktion steigt reflektorisch an bei: <strong>Kauen, Nahrungsgeruch, Nahrungsanblick<\/strong> und sogar beim <strong>Gedanken<\/strong> an Essen (bedingter Reflex nach Pawlow). Ruhe-Speichel h\u00e4lt die Mundh\u00f6hle feucht.<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"ntk\">\n <p>Speichel hat einen <strong>pH von 6,5\u20137,5<\/strong> (leicht sauer bis neutral). Er enth\u00e4lt <strong>Immunglobulin A (IgA)<\/strong> \u2014 ein wichtiger Teil der Immunabwehr im Mund. Bei Nervosit\u00e4t hemmt der Sympathikus die Speicheldr\u00fcsen \u2192 <em>trockener Mund<\/em>. Parotitis (Mumps) ist eine Viruserkrankung der Ohrspeicheldr\u00fcse.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"section-label\" id=\"schlucken\">\n <div class=\"num\" style=\"background:var(--purple);\">5<\/div>\n <h2>Rachen & Schluckvorgang<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"card purple\">\n <h3>Der Schluckreflex \u2014 Schritt f\u00fcr Schritt<\/h3>\n <div class=\"def-box\">\n <strong style=\"color:var(--purple);\">Rachen (Pharynx)<\/strong> = Kreuzungspunkt von Speise- und Atemweg \u2192 Schutzreflex verhindert Aspiration (Einatmen von Nahrung)\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"two-col\">\n <div>\n \n <svg viewBox=\"0 0 200 300\" width=\"100%\" style=\"max-width:190px;display:block;margin:0 auto;background:#f8f0f8;border-radius:12px;\">\n \n <path d=\"M40 290 Q35 220 40 160 Q45 80 100 45 Q155 80 158 160 Q162 220 158 290 Z\" fill=\"#f0e0f0\" stroke=\"#8e44ad\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\n \n <path d=\"M65 110 Q100 90 135 110\" fill=\"#c3aed6\" stroke=\"#7b2d8b\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-dasharray=\"3,2\"\/>\n <text x=\"100\" y=\"104\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#7b2d8b\">Nasen-Rachen<\/text>\n \n <path d=\"M72 130 Q100 118 128 130\" fill=\"#e8b4d0\" stroke=\"#c0392b\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <text x=\"100\" y=\"128\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#c0392b\">Gaumensegel<\/text>\n \n <ellipse cx=\"95\" cy=\"175\" rx=\"32\" ry=\"18\" fill=\"#e8a598\" stroke=\"#c0392b\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\n <text x=\"95\" y=\"178\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#641e16\">Zunge<\/text>\n \n <path d=\"M95 210 Q115 195 125 205\" fill=\"#ffd6a5\" stroke=\"#e07b39\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <text x=\"130\" y=\"200\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#e07b39\">Kehldeckel<\/text>\n <text x=\"130\" y=\"210\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#e07b39\">(Epiglottis)<\/text>\n \n <rect x=\"62\" y=\"225\" width=\"26\" height=\"55\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#caffbf\" stroke=\"#2d6a4f\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\n <text x=\"75\" y=\"257\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#1b4332\">Speise-<\/text>\n <text x=\"75\" y=\"267\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#1b4332\">r\u00f6hre<\/text>\n \n <rect x=\"100\" y=\"225\" width=\"22\" height=\"55\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#a0c4ff\" stroke=\"#1c4f8a\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-dasharray=\"4,2\"\/>\n <text x=\"111\" y=\"257\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#1c4f8a\">Luft-<\/text>\n <text x=\"111\" y=\"267\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#1c4f8a\">r\u00f6hre<\/text>\n \n <text x=\"40\" y=\"175\" font-size=\"18\">\ud83c\udf4e<\/text>\n <path d=\"M58 175 Q68 190 73 225\" stroke=\"#e07b39\" stroke-width=\"2\" fill=\"none\" marker-end=\"url(#arrowO)\"\/>\n <defs><marker id=\"arrowO\" markerWidth=\"6\" markerHeight=\"6\" refX=\"3\" refY=\"3\" orient=\"auto\"><path d=\"M0,0 L6,3 L0,6 Z\" fill=\"#e07b39\"\/><\/marker><\/defs>\n <\/svg>\n <\/div>\n <div>\n <div class=\"steps\">\n <div class=\"step\">\n <div class=\"step-num\">\n <div class=\"step-circle\" style=\"background:#7b2d8b;\">1<\/div>\n <div class=\"step-line\"><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"step-body\">\n <div class=\"step-title\">Bissen formen<\/div>\n <div class=\"step-text\">Zunge formt schluckf\u00e4higen Bissen, schiebt ihn nach hinten in den Rachen<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"step\">\n <div class=\"step-num\">\n <div class=\"step-circle\" style=\"background:#7b2d8b;\">2<\/div>\n <div class=\"step-line\"><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"step-body\">\n <div class=\"step-title\">Schluckreflex ausgel\u00f6st<\/div>\n <div class=\"step-text\">Ber\u00fchrungssensoren im Rachen, Gaumen, Zungengrund \u2192 Reflex<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"step\">\n <div class=\"step-num\">\n <div class=\"step-circle\" style=\"background:#7b2d8b;\">3<\/div>\n <div class=\"step-line\"><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"step-body\">\n <div class=\"step-title\">Nasenrachen abdichten<\/div>\n <div class=\"step-text\">Gaumensegel hebt sich \u2192 verhindert Nahrung in der Nase<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"step\">\n <div class=\"step-num\">\n <div class=\"step-circle\" style=\"background:#7b2d8b;\">4<\/div>\n <div class=\"step-line\"><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"step-body\">\n <div class=\"step-title\">Kehlkopf schlie\u00dft sich \u26a0\ufe0f<\/div>\n <div class=\"step-text\">Mundbodenmuskulatur zieht Kehlkopf hoch \u2192 Kehldeckel (Epiglottis) legt sich passiv quer \u2192 Luftr\u00f6hre verschlossen<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"step\">\n <div class=\"step-num\">\n <div class=\"step-circle\" style=\"background:#2d6a4f;\">5<\/div>\n <div class=\"step-line\" style=\"display:none;\"><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"step-body\">\n <div class=\"step-title\">Transport in Speiser\u00f6hre<\/div>\n <div class=\"step-text\">Oberer \u00d6sophagussphinkter \u00f6ffnet \u2192 Rachenmuskulatur zieht sich zusammen \u2192 Bissen gelangt in die Speiser\u00f6hre<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"ntk\">\n <p>Der Schluckreflex ist <strong>unwillk\u00fcrlich<\/strong> \u2014 sobald er ausgel\u00f6st ist, kann man ihn nicht stoppen. Deshalb: niemals beim Lachen essen! Die <strong>Epiglottis<\/strong> verschlie\u00dft sich <em>passiv<\/em> durch die Aufw\u00e4rtsbewegung des Kehlkopfs \u2014 es ist kein aktiver Muskel. Bei einem <strong>Schlaganfall<\/strong> kann der Schluckreflex ausfallen \u2192 gef\u00e4hrliche Aspirationsgefahr \u2192 Pflegerisch wichtig: Dysphagiescreening!<\/p>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"section-label\" id=\"speiseroehre\">\n <div class=\"num\" style=\"background:var(--green);\">6<\/div>\n <h2>Speiser\u00f6hre (\u00d6sophagus)<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"card green\">\n <div class=\"two-col\">\n <div>\n <h3>Steckbrief Speiser\u00f6hre<\/h3>\n <div class=\"def-box\">\n <strong>L\u00e4nge:<\/strong> ca. <strong>25 cm<\/strong><br>\n <strong>Struktur:<\/strong> elastischer Muskelschlauch<br>\n <strong>Funktion:<\/strong> rein transportierend (keine Verdauungsenzyme!)<br>\n <strong>Verschluss:<\/strong> oberer + unterer \u00d6sophagussphinkter\n <\/div>\n\n <h4>Die 3 nat\u00fcrlichen Engstellen<\/h4>\n <div class=\"engstelle-row\">\n <div class=\"engstelle\" style=\"border-color:#c0392b;background:#ffeaea;\">\n <div class=\"num\" style=\"color:var(--red);\">\u2460<\/div>\n <h5>Ringknorpelenge<\/h5>\n <p style=\"font-size:0.78rem;\">= <strong>engste<\/strong> + erste Engstelle; h\u00e4ufig Ort f\u00fcr steckengebliebene Bissen<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"engstelle\" style=\"border-color:#e07b39;background:#fff5ea;\">\n <div class=\"num\" style=\"color:#e07b39;\">\u2461<\/div>\n <h5>Aortenenge<\/h5>\n <p style=\"font-size:0.78rem;\">Aorta dr\u00fcckt von au\u00dfen auf die Speiser\u00f6hre (H\u00f6he 9. Brustwirbel)<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"engstelle\" style=\"border-color:#2d6a4f;background:#e8f5e9;\">\n <div class=\"num\" style=\"color:var(--green);\">\u2462<\/div>\n <h5>Zwerchfellenge<\/h5>\n <p style=\"font-size:0.78rem;\">Durchtritt durch das Zwerchfell (Diaphragma) in die Bauchh\u00f6hle<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div>\n <svg viewBox=\"0 0 200 380\" width=\"100%\" style=\"max-width:185px;display:block;margin:0 auto;background:#f5f9f5;border-radius:12px;padding:8px;\">\n \n <rect x=\"105\" y=\"20\" width=\"22\" height=\"140\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#a0c4ff\" stroke=\"#1c4f8a\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-dasharray=\"5,3\"\/>\n <text x=\"116\" y=\"55\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#1c4f8a\">Luft-<\/text>\n <text x=\"116\" y=\"66\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#1c4f8a\">r\u00f6hre<\/text>\n\n \n <rect x=\"68\" y=\"20\" width=\"26\" height=\"310\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#caffbf\" stroke=\"#2d6a4f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <text x=\"81\" y=\"14\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#1b4332\" font-weight=\"bold\">Speiser\u00f6hre<\/text>\n\n \n <rect x=\"55\" y=\"8\" width=\"52\" height=\"18\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#ffd6a5\" stroke=\"#e07b39\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\n <text x=\"81\" y=\"21\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#6b3a00\" font-weight=\"bold\">Rachen<\/text>\n\n \n <rect x=\"60\" y=\"45\" width=\"42\" height=\"16\" rx=\"4\" fill=\"#ffc6ff\" stroke=\"#7b2d8b\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <text x=\"81\" y=\"57\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#4a006e\">\u2460 Ringknorpelenge<\/text>\n <text x=\"30\" y=\"53\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#7b2d8b\">engste!<\/text>\n <line x1=\"44\" y1=\"53\" x2=\"60\" y2=\"53\" stroke=\"#7b2d8b\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n\n \n <ellipse cx=\"130\" cy=\"65\" rx=\"22\" ry=\"16\" fill=\"#ffe6cc\" stroke=\"#e07b39\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\n <text x=\"130\" y=\"63\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#6b3a00\">Schild-<\/text>\n <text x=\"130\" y=\"73\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#6b3a00\">dr\u00fcse<\/text>\n\n \n <rect x=\"60\" y=\"150\" width=\"42\" height=\"16\" rx=\"4\" fill=\"#ffadad\" stroke=\"#c0392b\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <text x=\"81\" y=\"162\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#641e16\">\u2461 Aortenenge<\/text>\n \n <path d=\"M100 158 Q145 135 155 160 Q145 180 100 172\" fill=\"#ffb3b3\" stroke=\"#c0392b\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\n <text x=\"148\" y=\"155\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#c0392b\">Aorta<\/text>\n\n \n <path d=\"M30 255 Q81 235 190 255\" stroke=\"#2d6a4f\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" fill=\"none\"\/>\n <text x=\"155\" y=\"248\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2d6a4f\" font-weight=\"bold\">Zwerchfell<\/text>\n\n \n <rect x=\"60\" y=\"243\" width=\"42\" height=\"16\" rx=\"4\" fill=\"#d5e8d4\" stroke=\"#82b366\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <text x=\"81\" y=\"255\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#2d5016\">\u2462 Zwerchfellenge<\/text>\n\n \n <ellipse cx=\"81\" cy=\"345\" rx=\"42\" ry=\"28\" fill=\"#ffc6ff\" stroke=\"#7b2d8b\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <text x=\"81\" y=\"343\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#4a006e\">Magen<\/text>\n <text x=\"81\" y=\"356\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#4a006e\">~1,5 l<\/text>\n\n \n <rect x=\"60\" y=\"310\" width=\"42\" height=\"14\" rx=\"4\" fill=\"#dae8fc\" stroke=\"#6c8ebf\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\n <text x=\"81\" y=\"321\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#1a3a5c\">unterer Sphinkter<\/text>\n\n \n <path d=\"M51 90 Q42 110 51 130\" stroke=\"#2d6a4f\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" fill=\"none\" marker-end=\"url(#ag)\"\/>\n <path d=\"M51 140 Q42 160 51 180\" stroke=\"#2d6a4f\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" fill=\"none\" marker-end=\"url(#ag)\"\/>\n <text x=\"38\" y=\"160\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#2d6a4f\" text-anchor=\"middle\">Peris-<\/text>\n <text x=\"38\" y=\"168\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#2d6a4f\" text-anchor=\"middle\">taltik<\/text>\n <defs><marker id=\"ag\" markerWidth=\"5\" markerHeight=\"5\" refX=\"3\" refY=\"3\" orient=\"auto\"><path d=\"M0,0 L5,2.5 L0,5 Z\" fill=\"#2d6a4f\"\/><\/marker><\/defs>\n <\/svg>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <h4>Peristaltik der Speiser\u00f6hre<\/h4>\n <p style=\"font-size:0.88rem;\">Die Speiser\u00f6hre ist oben und unten durch erh\u00f6hten Spannungszustand (Sphinkter) verschlossen. Beim Schlucken erschlafft der <strong>obere Sphinkter<\/strong> \u2192 Nahrung tritt ein \u2192 <strong>Peristaltische Wellen<\/strong> transportieren den Bissen \u2192 am unteren Ende erschlafft der <strong>untere Sphinkter<\/strong> unwillk\u00fcrlich \u2192 Bissen gelangt in den Magen.<\/p>\n\n <div class=\"ntk\">\n <p>Die Ringknorpelenge ist die <strong>erste und engste<\/strong> der drei Engstellen \u2014 hier bleiben schlecht gekaute Bissen am h\u00e4ufigsten stecken. Ein insuffizienter (undichter) <strong>unterer \u00d6sophagussphinkter<\/strong> f\u00fchrt zu <strong>saurem Reflux<\/strong> (GERD\/Sodbrennen) \u2014 Magens\u00e4ure gelangt in die Speiser\u00f6hre. Langfristig kann das zu Barrett-\u00d6sophagus und erh\u00f6htem Krebsrisiko f\u00fchren \u2192 klinisch sehr relevant in der Pflege!<\/p>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"section-label\" id=\"magen\">\n <div class=\"num\" style=\"background:var(--purple);\">7<\/div>\n <h2>Der Magen (Gaster)<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"card purple\">\n <div class=\"two-col\">\n <div>\n <h3>Abschnitte des Magens<\/h3>\n <div class=\"def-box\">\n <strong style=\"color:var(--purple);\">Lage:<\/strong> linker Oberbauch<br>\n <strong style=\"color:var(--purple);\">Fassungsverm\u00f6gen:<\/strong> ca. 1,5 Liter (variiert je nach F\u00fcllungsgrad)<br>\n <strong style=\"color:var(--purple);\">Form:<\/strong> kommaf\u00f6rmig gebogen<br>\n <strong style=\"color:var(--purple);\">Muskulatur:<\/strong> <em>drei<\/em> Schichten (Besonderheit!)\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"stomach-grid\">\n <div class=\"stomach-item\" style=\"border-color:#e07b39;background:#fff5ea;\">\n <strong>Kardia<\/strong>\n Mageneingang \u00b7 \u00dcbergang von der Speiser\u00f6hre \u00b7 Magenmund\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"stomach-item\" style=\"border-color:#7b2d8b;background:#f3e5f5;\">\n <strong>Fundus<\/strong>\n Magengrund \u00b7 kuppelf\u00f6rmig \u00b7 direkt unter dem Zwerchfell \u00b7 <em>mitgeschluckte Luft sammelt sich hier<\/em>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"stomach-item\" style=\"border-color:#1565c0;background:#e3f2fd;\">\n <strong>Korpus<\/strong>\n Magenk\u00f6rper \u00b7 gr\u00f6\u00dfter Abschnitt\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"stomach-item\" style=\"border-color:#2d6a4f;background:#e8f5e9;\">\n <strong>Antrum pyloricum<\/strong>\n Vorraum des Pf\u00f6rtners \u00b7 kurz: Antrum\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"stomach-item\" style=\"border-color:#c0392b;background:#ffeaea;\">\n <strong>Pylorus<\/strong>\n Pf\u00f6rtner \u00b7 Magenausgang \u00b7 \u00dcbergang zum D\u00fcnndarm \u00b7 mit Magensphinkter\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div>\n <svg viewBox=\"0 0 280 280\" width=\"100%\" style=\"max-width:270px;display:block;margin:0 auto;background:#f9f0ff;border-radius:12px;padding:8px;\">\n \n <path d=\"M95 40 Q70 45 60 80 Q50 120 55 165 Q60 210 90 240 Q130 260 170 245 Q210 230 225 195 Q240 160 230 120 Q220 80 200 60 Q175 38 140 35 Q115 33 95 40 Z\" fill=\"#fce4ec\" stroke=\"#7b2d8b\" stroke-width=\"2.5\"\/>\n\n \n <text x=\"240\" y=\"165\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#7b2d8b\" text-anchor=\"middle\">gro\u00dfe<\/text>\n <text x=\"240\" y=\"176\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#7b2d8b\" text-anchor=\"middle\">Kurvatur<\/text>\n\n \n <text x=\"148\" y=\"142\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#4a006e\" text-anchor=\"middle\">kleine<\/text>\n <text x=\"148\" y=\"153\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#4a006e\" text-anchor=\"middle\">Kurvatur<\/text>\n <path d=\"M148 125 Q155 140 148 160\" stroke=\"#4a006e\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" fill=\"none\"\/>\n\n \n <rect x=\"85\" y=\"10\" width=\"22\" height=\"34\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#caffbf\" stroke=\"#2d6a4f\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\n <text x=\"96\" y=\"30\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#1b4332\" font-weight=\"bold\">\u00d6sopha-<\/text>\n <text x=\"96\" y=\"40\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#1b4332\" font-weight=\"bold\">gus<\/text>\n\n \n <ellipse cx=\"97\" cy=\"50\" rx=\"15\" ry=\"12\" fill=\"#ffe0b2\" stroke=\"#e07b39\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <text x=\"65\" y=\"45\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#e07b39\" font-weight=\"bold\">Kardia<\/text>\n <line x1=\"83\" y1=\"47\" x2=\"70\" y2=\"47\" stroke=\"#e07b39\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n\n \n <ellipse cx=\"140\" cy=\"50\" rx=\"30\" ry=\"22\" fill=\"#c8e6c9\" stroke=\"#2d6a4f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <text x=\"140\" y=\"47\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#1b4332\">Fundus<\/text>\n <text x=\"140\" y=\"58\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#1b4332\">(Magengrund)<\/text>\n\n \n <text x=\"105\" y=\"155\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#1565c0\">Korpus<\/text>\n <text x=\"105\" y=\"168\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#1565c0\">(Magenk\u00f6rper)<\/text>\n\n \n <path d=\"M68 120 Q85 110 68 140\" stroke=\"#e8a598\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" fill=\"none\"\/>\n <path d=\"M78 100 Q95 90 78 120\" stroke=\"#e8a598\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" fill=\"none\"\/>\n <text x=\"72\" y=\"200\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#c0392b\">Schleim-<\/text>\n <text x=\"72\" y=\"210\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#c0392b\">hautfalten<\/text>\n\n \n <ellipse cx=\"175\" cy=\"210\" rx=\"30\" ry=\"20\" fill=\"#e8daff\" stroke=\"#7b2d8b\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\n <text x=\"175\" y=\"208\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#4a006e\">Antrum<\/text>\n <text x=\"175\" y=\"220\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#4a006e\">(Pars pylorica)<\/text>\n\n \n <rect x=\"195\" y=\"205\" width=\"38\" height=\"22\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#ffcdd2\" stroke=\"#c0392b\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <text x=\"214\" y=\"219\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"bold\" fill=\"#641e16\">Pylorus<\/text>\n\n \n <rect x=\"233\" y=\"205\" width=\"35\" height=\"22\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#a0c4ff\" stroke=\"#1c4f8a\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\n <text x=\"250\" y=\"214\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#0d2b5e\">Duo-<\/text>\n <text x=\"250\" y=\"223\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#0d2b5e\">denum<\/text>\n\n \n <text x=\"214\" y=\"198\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#c0392b\">M. sphincter pylori<\/text>\n <\/svg>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <h4>Besonderheit: Muskelschicht des Magens<\/h4>\n <div style=\"background:#f3e5f5;border-radius:10px;padding:1rem;border:1.5px solid #ce93d8;margin-top:0.3rem;\">\n <p style=\"font-size:0.88rem;\">Der Magen hat <strong>3 \u00fcbereinander gelagerte Muskelschichten<\/strong> (im Gegensatz zum \u00fcbrigen Verdauungskanal mit nur 2):<\/p>\n <div style=\"display:flex;gap:0.6rem;margin-top:0.6rem;flex-wrap:wrap;\">\n <div style=\"flex:1;min-width:120px;background:white;border-radius:8px;padding:0.6rem;border-left:3px solid #7b2d8b;font-size:0.83rem;\"><strong>Au\u00dfen:<\/strong><br>L\u00e4ngsmuskulatur<\/div>\n <div style=\"flex:1;min-width:120px;background:white;border-radius:8px;padding:0.6rem;border-left:3px solid #c0392b;font-size:0.83rem;\"><strong>Mitte:<\/strong><br>Ringmuskulatur<\/div>\n <div style=\"flex:1;min-width:120px;background:white;border-radius:8px;padding:0.6rem;border-left:3px solid #e07b39;font-size:0.83rem;\"><strong>Innen:<\/strong><br>Schr\u00e4gmuskulatur<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <p style=\"font-size:0.82rem;margin-top:0.6rem;color:var(--muted);\">\u2192 erm\u00f6glicht kr\u00e4ftige Durchmischung, Anpassung der Magengr\u00f6\u00dfe, mechanische Zerkleinerung und Transport zum Ausgang<\/p>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"merke\" style=\"margin-top:1rem;\">\n <span class=\"merke-icon\">\u26a0\ufe0f<\/span>\n <span>H\u00e4ufiger Fehler: <strong>\u201eFungus»<\/strong> existiert nicht! Korrekt ist <strong>\u201eFundus»<\/strong> (Magengrund). Die korrekte Reihenfolge: Kardia \u2192 Fundus \u2192 Korpus \u2192 Antrum \u2192 Pylorus<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"ntk\">\n <p>Der Magen h\u00e4lt die Nahrung ca. <strong>2\u20134 Stunden<\/strong> zur\u00fcck, bevor er den Speisebrei (= <strong>Chymus<\/strong>) portionsweise in den D\u00fcnndarm entl\u00e4sst. Die <strong>Magenschleimhaut<\/strong> bildet Falten (Rugae), die sich beim Ausdehnen gl\u00e4tten \u2014 so kann das Volumen zwischen 0,05 l (leer) und 1,5 l variieren. Die <strong>Pylorusdr\u00fcsen<\/strong> im Antrum produzieren auch die Hormone <strong>Gastrin<\/strong> (regt Magensaftproduktion an) und <strong>Somatostatin<\/strong> (hemmt sie).<\/p>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"section-label\" id=\"magensaft\">\n <div class=\"num\" style=\"background:var(--red);\">8<\/div>\n <h2>Magenschleimhaut, Magenzellen & Magensaft<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"card\">\n <h3>Die Magendr\u00fcsen \u2014 Wo und Was?<\/h3>\n <div class=\"def-box\">\n Magendr\u00fcsen kommen im gesamten Magen vor, aber der <strong>verdauende Magensaft<\/strong> wird nur in <strong>Fundus und Korpus<\/strong> produziert. In anderen Regionen: nur sch\u00fctzender Schleim (Nebenzellen).\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div style=\"text-align:center;margin:1rem 0;\">\n <svg viewBox=\"0 0 380 220\" width=\"100%\" style=\"max-width:370px;display:block;margin:0 auto;background:#fff8f0;border-radius:12px;padding:8px;\">\n \n <rect x=\"155\" y=\"10\" width=\"70\" height=\"195\" rx=\"12\" fill=\"#fce4ec\" stroke=\"#c0392b\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <text x=\"190\" y=\"6\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#c0392b\" font-weight=\"bold\">Dr\u00fcsenschlauch<\/text>\n\n \n <path d=\"M155 10 Q190 30 225 10\" stroke=\"#e07b39\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" fill=\"none\"\/>\n <text x=\"190\" y=\"42\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#6b3a00\">Magengr\u00fcbchen<\/text>\n <text x=\"190\" y=\"53\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#6b3a00\">(Foveolae gastricae)<\/text>\n\n \n <ellipse cx=\"172\" cy=\"75\" rx=\"13\" ry=\"10\" fill=\"#caffbf\" stroke=\"#2d6a4f\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\n <ellipse cx=\"208\" cy=\"75\" rx=\"13\" ry=\"10\" fill=\"#caffbf\" stroke=\"#2d6a4f\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\n <text x=\"272\" y=\"70\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#2d6a4f\" font-weight=\"bold\">Nebenzellen<\/text>\n <text x=\"272\" y=\"82\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2d6a4f\">(schleimbildend)<\/text>\n <line x1=\"222\" y1=\"75\" x2=\"272\" y2=\"75\" stroke=\"#2d6a4f\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n\n \n <ellipse cx=\"168\" cy=\"120\" rx=\"15\" ry=\"12\" fill=\"#ffd6a5\" stroke=\"#e07b39\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <ellipse cx=\"212\" cy=\"120\" rx=\"15\" ry=\"12\" fill=\"#ffd6a5\" stroke=\"#e07b39\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <text x=\"272\" y=\"115\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#e07b39\" font-weight=\"bold\">Belegzellen<\/text>\n <text x=\"272\" y=\"127\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#e07b39\">(HCl + Intrinsic<\/text>\n <text x=\"272\" y=\"138\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#e07b39\"> Factor)<\/text>\n <line x1=\"228\" y1=\"120\" x2=\"272\" y2=\"120\" stroke=\"#e07b39\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n\n \n <ellipse cx=\"172\" cy=\"170\" rx=\"13\" ry=\"11\" fill=\"#dae8fc\" stroke=\"#1c4f8a\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\n <ellipse cx=\"208\" cy=\"170\" rx=\"13\" ry=\"11\" fill=\"#dae8fc\" stroke=\"#1c4f8a\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\n <text x=\"100\" y=\"165\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#1c4f8a\" font-weight=\"bold\" text-anchor=\"end\">Hauptzellen<\/text>\n <text x=\"100\" y=\"177\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#1c4f8a\" text-anchor=\"end\">(Pepsinogen +<\/text>\n <text x=\"100\" y=\"188\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#1c4f8a\" text-anchor=\"end\"> Magenlipase)<\/text>\n <line x1=\"100\" y1=\"170\" x2=\"158\" y2=\"170\" stroke=\"#1c4f8a\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n\n \n <text x=\"190\" y=\"208\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#999\">oben = Eingang \u2192 unten = Tiefstes<\/text>\n <\/svg>\n <\/div>\n\n <h3 style=\"margin-top:1rem;\">Die 3 Zelltypen und ihre Produkte<\/h3>\n <table class=\"cell-table th-red\">\n <tr>\n <th>Zelltyp<\/th>\n <th>Lage im Dr\u00fcsenschlauch<\/th>\n <th>Produkt<\/th>\n <th>Funktion des Produkts<\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td><strong style=\"color:#e07b39;\">Belegzellen<\/strong><br><small>(Parietalzellen)<\/small><\/td>\n <td>Mittlerer Abschnitt<\/td>\n <td>\n <span class=\"tag red\">Salzs\u00e4ure (HCl)<\/span><br>\n <span class=\"tag red\">Intrinsic Factor<\/span>\n <\/td>\n <td>\n HCl: Proteine denaturieren, Pepsinogen aktivieren, Desinfektion gegen Keime, pH 1\u20132<br>\n Intrinsic Factor: notwendig f\u00fcr Vitamin-B12-Resorption im D\u00fcnndarm\n <\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td><strong style=\"color:#1c4f8a;\">Hauptzellen<\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Tiefster Abschnitt<\/td>\n <td>\n <span class=\"tag blue\">Pepsinogen<\/span><br>\n <span class=\"tag blue\">Magenlipase<\/span>\n <\/td>\n <td>\n Pepsinogen: inaktiv \u2192 wird durch HCl zu <strong>Pepsin<\/strong> aktiviert (bei pH<6) \u2192 spaltet Proteine in 10\u2013100 Aminos\u00e4uren<br>\n Magenlipase: geringe Fettspaltung\n <\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td><strong style=\"color:#2d6a4f;\">Nebenzellen<\/strong><br><small>(Mucuszellen)<\/small><\/td>\n <td>Oberer Abschnitt + Oberfl\u00e4che<\/td>\n <td>\n <span class=\"tag green\">Muzinhaltiger Schleim<\/span><br>\n <span class=\"tag green\">Bikarbonat<\/span>\n <\/td>\n <td>\n Muzin: z\u00e4hes Gel haftet auf Schleimhaut \u2192 sch\u00fctzender Film gegen Salzs\u00e4ure und Pepsin \u2192 verhindert Selbstverdauung<br>\n Bikarbonat: neutralisiert direkt an der Zellwand\n <\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <\/table>\n\n \n <h4 style=\"margin-top:1.5rem;\">Aktivierungsweg von Pepsinogen<\/h4>\n <div style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:0.8rem;flex-wrap:wrap;background:#f8f9fa;border-radius:10px;padding:1rem;margin-top:0.3rem;\">\n <div style=\"background:#dae8fc;border:1.5px solid #6c8ebf;border-radius:8px;padding:0.6rem 1rem;font-size:0.88rem;font-weight:700;color:#1a3a5c;\">Pepsinogen<br><small style=\"font-weight:300;\">(inaktiv, Hauptzellen)<\/small><\/div>\n <div style=\"font-size:1.5rem;color:var(--red);\">\u2192<\/div>\n <div style=\"font-size:0.8rem;color:var(--muted);text-align:center;\">+ HCl (Salzs\u00e4ure)<br>pH < 6<\/div>\n <div style=\"font-size:1.5rem;color:var(--red);\">\u2192<\/div>\n <div style=\"background:#ffd6a5;border:1.5px solid #e07b39;border-radius:8px;padding:0.6rem 1rem;font-size:0.88rem;font-weight:700;color:#6b3a00;\">Pepsin<br><small style=\"font-weight:300;\">(aktiv, eiwei\u00dfspaltend)<\/small><\/div>\n <div style=\"font-size:1.5rem;color:var(--red);\">\u2192<\/div>\n <div style=\"background:#d5e8d4;border:1.5px solid #82b366;border-radius:8px;padding:0.6rem 1rem;font-size:0.88rem;font-weight:700;color:#2d5016;\">Protein-Spaltung<br><small style=\"font-weight:300;\">(\u2192 Peptide)<\/small><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <h4 style=\"margin-top:1.5rem;\">Magensaft \u2014 \u00dcberblick<\/h4>\n <div class=\"def-box\" style=\"background:linear-gradient(135deg,#fff5ea,#ffecd2);border-color:#f5c6a0;\">\n Tagesproduktion: <strong>ca. 2 Liter<\/strong> \u00b7 pH-Wert des Magensafts: <strong>1\u20132<\/strong> \u00b7 pH im Speisebrei (Chymus): <strong>2\u20134<\/strong>\n <\/div>\n <p style=\"font-size:0.88rem;\">Inhalt des Magensafts: <span class=\"tag\">Wasser<\/span> <span class=\"tag red\">Salzs\u00e4ure (HCl)<\/span> <span class=\"tag blue\">Pepsinogen \/ Pepsin<\/span> <span class=\"tag green\">Magenschleim (Muzin)<\/span> <span class=\"tag\">Intrinsic Factor<\/span> <span class=\"tag\">Magenlipase<\/span><\/p>\n\n <div class=\"merke\" style=\"margin-top:1rem;\">\n <span class=\"merke-icon\">\ud83d\udd2c<\/span>\n <span>Der <strong>Chymus<\/strong> = saurer Speisebrei, der nach ca. 2 Stunden im Magen portionsweise durch den Pylorus in den D\u00fcnndarm abgegeben wird.<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"ntk\">\n <ul>\n <li>Ein Mangel an <strong>Intrinsic Factor<\/strong> \u2192 kein Vitamin B12 resorbierbar \u2192 <strong>pernizi\u00f6se An\u00e4mie<\/strong> (Blutarmut durch B12-Mangel) \u2192 klinisch sehr relevant!<\/li>\n <li>Die Salzs\u00e4ureproduktion wird durch <strong>Gastrin<\/strong> (Pylorusdr\u00fcsen), Parasympathikus und Histamin <em>gesteigert<\/em>, durch <strong>Somatostatin<\/strong> und Cholecystokinin <em>gehemmt<\/em>.<\/li>\n <li>Bei Stress \u2192 Sympathikus hemmt Verdauung, reduziert Durchblutung \u2192 beg\u00fcnstigt <strong>Magengeschw\u00fcre<\/strong> (Ulcus ventriculi)<\/li>\n <li>Die h\u00e4ufigste Ursache von Magengeschw\u00fcren ist das Bakterium <em><strong>Helicobacter pylori<\/strong><\/em>, das den sch\u00fctzenden Muzinfilm zerst\u00f6rt.<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"section-label\" id=\"karten\">\n <div class=\"num\" style=\"background:var(--accent);color:var(--dark);\">9<\/div>\n <h2>Lernkarten \u2014 Zum Selbstabfragen<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"card accent\">\n <h3 style=\"margin-bottom:0.5rem;\">\ud83c\udccf Alle Themen \u2014 Karte umdrehen!<\/h3>\n\n <div class=\"fc-controls\">\n <button class=\"btn-filter active\" onclick=\"filterCards('all')\">Alle<\/button>\n <button class=\"btn-filter\" onclick=\"filterCards('wandschichten')\">Wandschichten<\/button>\n <button class=\"btn-filter\" onclick=\"filterCards('speiseroehre')\">Speiser\u00f6hre<\/button>\n <button class=\"btn-filter\" onclick=\"filterCards('magen')\">Magen<\/button>\n <button class=\"btn-filter\" onclick=\"filterCards('magensaft')\">Magensaft<\/button>\n <button class=\"btn-filter\" onclick=\"filterCards('speichel')\">Speichel<\/button>\n <span class=\"fc-count\" id=\"fcCount\"><\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"fc-grid\" id=\"fcGrid\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/main>\n\n<footer>\n Anatomie & Physiologie Verdauungstrakt<br>\n Quelle: Menche, N. (Hrsg): Biologie Anatomie Physiologie. Elsevier GmbH, 9. Auflage 2020\n<\/footer>\n\n<script>\nconst allCards = [\n { cat:'wandschichten', q:'Welche 4 Wandschichten hat der Verdauungstrakt?', a:'Mukosa \u2192 Submukosa \u2192 Muskularis \u2192 Serosa (von innen nach au\u00dfen)' },\n { cat:'wandschichten', q:'Was ist der Meissner-Plexus?', a:'Nervengeflecht in der Submukosa \u2192 steuert Dr\u00fcsenaktivit\u00e4t der Schleimhaut' },\n { cat:'wandschichten', q:'Was ist der Auerbach-Plexus?', a:'Nervengeflecht in der Muskularis \u2192 reguliert die Peristaltik' },\n { cat:'wandschichten', q:'Was ist die Adventitia?', a:'\u00c4u\u00dferste Schicht ohne Bauchfell\u00fcberzug (statt Serosa)' },\n { cat:'wandschichten', q:'Welche Extra-Muskelschicht hat der Magen?', a:'Schr\u00e4gmuskulatur (3. Schicht!) \u2192 erm\u00f6glicht kr\u00e4ftige Durchmischung' },\n\n { cat:'speichel', q:'Wie hei\u00dfen die 3 gro\u00dfen Speicheldr\u00fcsen?', a:'Ohrspeicheldr\u00fcse (Parotis) \u00b7 Unterkieferspeicheldr\u00fcse (Glandula submandibularis) \u00b7 Unterzungenspeicheldr\u00fcse (Glandula sublingualis)' },\n { cat:'speichel', q:'Wie ist Speichel zusammengesetzt?', a:'99,5% Wasser + 0,5% Enzyme (Ptyalin\/Amylase, Lipase), Muzin, Elektrolyte, antimikrobielle Stoffe' },\n { cat:'speichel', q:'Was spaltet Ptyalin (Speichelamylase)?', a:'Kohlenhydrate (St\u00e4rke \u2192 Maltose) \u2014 Beginn der chemischen Verdauung im Mund' },\n { cat:'speichel', q:'Wann steigt die Speichelproduktion an?', a:'Beim Kauen, Nahrungsgeruch, Nahrungsanblick, Gedanken ans Essen (bedingter Reflex), \u00dcbelkeit' },\n\n { cat:'speiseroehre', q:'Wie lang ist die Speiser\u00f6hre?', a:'ca. 25 cm' },\n { cat:'speiseroehre', q:'Welche 3 Engstellen hat die Speiser\u00f6hre?', a:'\u2460 Ringknorpelenge (engste!) \u2461 Aortenenge \u2462 Zwerchfellenge' },\n { cat:'speiseroehre', q:'Welche Rolle spielt die Speiser\u00f6hre bei der Verdauung?', a:'Keine! Rein transportierende Funktion \u2014 kein Enzym, nur Peristaltik in den Magen' },\n { cat:'speiseroehre', q:'Was ist ein \u00d6sophagussphinkter?', a:'Schlie\u00dfmuskel: oberer Sphinkter am Eingang, unterer Sphinkter am Ausgang; verhindert R\u00fcckfluss' },\n { cat:'speiseroehre', q:'Was passiert beim Schlucken mit dem Kehldeckel?', a:'Kehlkopf bewegt sich hoch \u2192 Epiglottis legt sich passiv quer \u2192 Luftr\u00f6hre geschlossen \u2192 Nahrung gelangt nur in Speiser\u00f6hre' },\n\n { cat:'magen', q:'Fassungsverm\u00f6gen des Magens?', a:'ca. 1,5 Liter (variiert je nach F\u00fcllungsgrad)' },\n { cat:'magen', q:'Abschnitte des Magens in Reihenfolge?', a:'Kardia \u2192 Fundus \u2192 Korpus \u2192 Antrum \u2192 Pylorus' },\n { cat:'magen', q:'Was ist der Fundus?', a:'Magengrund \u2014 kuppelf\u00f6rmig, liegt unter dem Zwerchfell; mitgeschluckte Luft sammelt sich hier' },\n { cat:'magen', q:'Was ist der Pylorus?', a:'Pf\u00f6rtner = Magenausgang mit Sphinkter \u2192 kontrolliert Abgabe des Speisebreis in den D\u00fcnndarm' },\n { cat:'magen', q:'Wo wird verdauender Magensaft produziert?', a:'Nur in Fundus und Korpus (nicht im restlichen Magen)' },\n { cat:'magen', q:'Was ist der Chymus?', a:'Saurer Speisebrei, der nach ca. 2h vom Magen portionsweise in den D\u00fcnndarm abgegeben wird' },\n\n { cat:'magensaft', q:'Aufgaben der Belegzellen?', a:'\u2460 HCl (Salzs\u00e4ure) produzieren \u2461 Intrinsic Factor bilden (f\u00fcr B12-Resorption)' },\n { cat:'magensaft', q:'Aufgaben der Hauptzellen?', a:'Pepsinogen + Magenlipase produzieren' },\n { cat:'magensaft', q:'Aufgaben der Nebenzellen?', a:'Muzinhaltigen Magenschleim + Bikarbonat produzieren \u2192 sch\u00fctzt Magenwand vor Selbstverdauung' },\n { cat:'magensaft', q:'Wie wird Pepsinogen aktiviert?', a:'Durch HCl (Salzs\u00e4ure) bei pH < 6 \u2192 aktives Pepsin \u2192 spaltet Proteine in Peptide' },\n { cat:'magensaft', q:'Welche 4 Hauptbestandteile hat der Magensaft?', a:'\u2460 HCl \u2461 Pepsinogen\/Pepsin \u2462 Magenschleim (Muzin) \u2463 Intrinsic Factor' },\n { cat:'magensaft', q:'Welchen pH-Wert hat der Magensaft?', a:'pH 1\u20132 (sehr sauer); Speisebrei (Chymus) hat pH 2\u20134' },\n { cat:'magensaft', q:'Warum entsteht kein Magengeschw\u00fcr bei Gesunden?', a:'Muzinschleim + Bikarbonat sch\u00fctzen die Magenwand vollst\u00e4ndig gegen Eigenmagens\u00e4ure' },\n { cat:'magensaft', q:'Was passiert ohne Intrinsic Factor?', a:'Kein Vitamin B12 resorbierbar \u2192 pernizi\u00f6se An\u00e4mie (gef\u00e4hrliche Blutarmut)' },\n { cat:'magensaft', q:'Tagesproduktion Magensaft?', a:'ca. 2 Liter t\u00e4glich' },\n];\n\nlet activeFilter = 'all';\nconst grid = document.getElementById('fcGrid');\nconst count = document.getElementById('fcCount');\n\nfunction renderCards(filter) {\n const filtered = filter === 'all' ? allCards : allCards.filter(c => c.cat === filter);\n grid.innerHTML = '';\n filtered.forEach((c, i) => {\n const fc = document.createElement('div');\n fc.className = 'fc';\n fc.dataset.cat = c.cat;\n const catColors = {\n wandschichten: '#1b7a6e', speiseroehre: '#2d6a4f',\n magen: '#6c3483', magensaft: '#c0392b', speichel: '#1a5276'\n };\n const bg = catColors[c.cat] || '#2c1810';\n fc.innerHTML = `\n <div class=\"fc-inner\">\n <div class=\"fc-front\">\n <div class=\"fc-cat\" style=\"color:${bg};\">${c.cat.toUpperCase()}<\/div>\n <div class=\"q\">${c.q}<\/div>\n <div class=\"hint\">\u2192 antippen zum Aufdecken<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"fc-back\" style=\"background:linear-gradient(135deg,${bg},${bg}cc);\">\n <div class=\"fc-cat\" style=\"color:rgba(255,255,255,0.6);\">${c.cat.toUpperCase()}<\/div>\n <div class=\"a\">${c.a}<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>`;\n fc.addEventListener('click', () => fc.classList.toggle('flipped'));\n grid.appendChild(fc);\n });\n count.textContent = `${filtered.length} Karten`;\n}\n\nfunction filterCards(f) {\n activeFilter = f;\n document.querySelectorAll('.btn-filter').forEach(b => b.classList.remove('active'));\n const btns = document.querySelectorAll('.btn-filter');\n btns.forEach(b => {\n if ((f === 'all' && b.textContent === 'Alle') ||\n b.textContent.toLowerCase() === f.toLowerCase()) b.classList.add('active');\n });\n renderCards(f);\n}\n\nrenderCards('all');\n\n\/\/ smooth scroll\ndocument.querySelectorAll('a[href^=\"#\"]').forEach(a => {\n a.addEventListener('click', e => {\n e.preventDefault();\n const el = document.querySelector(a.getAttribute('href'));\n if (el) el.scrollIntoView({ behavior: 'smooth', block: 'start' });\n });\n});\n<\/script>\n<\/body>\n<\/html>\n\n\n\n\n<div style=\"text-align: center; margin: 40px 0 20px 0; border-top: 1px solid #eee; padding-top: 20px;\">\n <button onclick=\"window.history.back()\" style=\"\n background-color: #2a9d8f; \n color: white; \n border: none; \n padding: 12px 25px; \n font-size: 16px; \n font-family: 'Segoe UI', Arial, sans-serif; \n font-weight: bold; \n border-radius: 8px; \n cursor: pointer; \n transition: all 0.3s ease;\n display: inline-flex;\n align-items: center;\n gap: 10px;\n box-shadow: 0 4px 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);\n \" onmouseover=\"this.style.backgroundColor='#9bbac5'; this.style.transform='translateY(-2px)';\" \n onmouseout=\"this.style.backgroundColor='#2a9d8f'; this.style.transform='translateY(0)';\"\n >\n <span style=\"font-size: 20px;\">\u2190<\/span> Zur\u00fcck\n <\/button>\n<\/div>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Lernzettel \u2013 Verdauungstrakt Komplett \ud83c\udfd7\ufe0f \u00dcberblick \ud83d\udcd0 Wandschichten \ud83d\udc44 Mundh\u00f6hle \ud83d\udca7 Speichel \u2b07\ufe0f Schlucken \ud83d\udccf Speiser\u00f6hre \ud83e\uded9 Magen \ud83e\uddea Magensaft \ud83c\udccf Lernkarten Verdauungssystem Anatomie & PhysiologieVerdauungstrakt \u2014 Komplett Vollst\u00e4ndiger Lernzettel mit Diagrammen \u00b7 Wandschichten \u00b7 Magen \u00b7 Magensaft \u00b7 Lernkarten \ud83c\udfd7\ufe0fSystem-\u00dcberblick \ud83d\udcd0Wandschichten \ud83d\udc44Mundh\u00f6hle & Zunge \ud83d\udca7Speicheldr\u00fcsen \u2b07\ufe0fSchlucken \ud83d\udccfSpeiser\u00f6hre \ud83e\uded9Magen \ud83e\uddeaMagensaft \ud83c\udccfLernkarten 1 Das Verdauungssystem \u2014…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-774","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/generalistik-meistern.de\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/774","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/generalistik-meistern.de\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/generalistik-meistern.de\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/generalistik-meistern.de\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/generalistik-meistern.de\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=774"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/generalistik-meistern.de\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/774\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1093,"href":"https:\/\/generalistik-meistern.de\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/774\/revisions\/1093"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/generalistik-meistern.de\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=774"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}